Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC)
- Sample Type
- Aspirated Cells
- Fasting
- No
- Unit
- Descriptive
Function
FNAC is a diagnostic procedure where a thin needle is inserted into a lump or mass to extract cells for microscopic examination. Unlike a core biopsy, it collects individual cells or small clusters rather than a solid piece of tissue. It is a rapid, minimally invasive way to determine if a lesion is inflammatory, benign, or malignant.
Why it is Ordered
It is the first-line investigation for palpable masses in the thyroid, breast, lymph nodes, and salivary glands. It is used to decide whether a patient needs surgery or if a 'watch and wait' approach is appropriate. It is particularly valued for its high specificity in identifying carcinomas.
Associated Conditions
- Thyroid Nodules: Assessing for papillary or follicular carcinoma.
- Lymphadenopathy: Distinguishing between reactive lymph nodes, lymphoma, or metastatic cancer.
- Breast Lumps: Evaluating cysts versus solid tumors.
- Salivary Gland Tumors: Categorizing pleomorphic adenomas vs. malignancies.
Check Your Result
Check Your Result
Enter your lab result to see where you stand compared to the standard reference range.
Why Context Matters
FNAC has a significant 'inadequate sample' rate (up to 10-15%). If the needle misses the 'hot spot' of the tumor or if the sample is too bloody, the cytopathologist cannot make a diagnosis. Interpretations of 'Atypia' are subjective, and a second opinion from a specialized cytopathologist is often recommended before radical surgery.
Lab ranges are statistical averages, not biological laws. "Normal" for a 20-year-old male isn't normal for a 60-year-old female.
Clinical References
Source-of-truth databases and clinical guidelines for Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC):
Official Sources
- Breast Cancer, Version 3.2024, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology - PubMedpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Colon Cancer, Version 3.2024, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology - PubMedpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Research & Guidelines
Related Indicators
Medically Reviewed by Dr. Binoy Babu, MBBS
Board Certified Doctor • 10+ Years Clinical Experience
Dr. Babu is a practicing physician dedicated to empowering patients with clear, actionable medical information. He founded 2opi to bridge the gap between complex lab reports and patient understanding, ensuring everyone has access to a reliable second opinion.
Get Notified When Dr. Babu Is Available