Protein Electrophoresis

Function

Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP) is a laboratory technique used to separate the proteins in the blood into five distinct groups: albumin, alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, and gamma globulins. This separation is based on the electrical charge and size of the protein molecules. These proteins serve various roles, from maintaining osmotic pressure (albumin) to immune defense (gamma globulins).

Why it is Ordered

This test is primarily utilized to screen for, diagnose, and monitor monoclonal gammopathies, such as Multiple Myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulinemia. It is also ordered to investigate unexplained high total protein, bone pain, high calcium levels, or anemia. Furthermore, it can provide insights into chronic inflammation, liver disease, and protein-losing enteropathies.

Associated Conditions

• Multiple Myeloma: Characterized by a sharp 'M-spike' in the gamma or beta region.
• Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS): A precursor condition to myeloma.
• Inflammatory Diseases: Result in a broad (polyclonal) increase in the gamma region.
• Liver Cirrhosis: Leads to decreased albumin and a characteristic 'beta-gamma bridge.'
• Nephrotic Syndrome: Identified by a loss of albumin and an increase in alpha-2 globulins.