Total Proteins

Function

The Total Protein test measures the cumulative amount of albumin and globulin in the blood serum. Albumin, produced by the liver, accounts for about 60% of the total protein and maintains oncotic pressure (keeping fluid from leaking out of blood vessels). Globulins are a diverse group of proteins including enzymes, antibodies, and transport proteins that play a vital role in immunity and clotting.

Why it is Ordered

This test is a staple of the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP). It is used to screen for nutritional status, liver disease, kidney disorders, and various blood cancers. It is often ordered when patients experience unexplained swelling (edema), fatigue, or symptoms of malnutrition.

Associated Conditions

• Hyperproteinemia (High): Often seen in chronic inflammation, infections (like HIV or Hepatitis B/C), or bone marrow disorders such as Multiple Myeloma where the body overproduces monoclonal proteins.
• Hypoproteinemia (Low): Commonly associated with severe liver disease (decreased production), nephrotic syndrome (loss through kidneys), or malabsorption syndromes (like Celiac disease).

Clinical Utility

The ratio between albumin and globulin (A/G ratio) is often calculated alongside total protein to provide deeper insight. For instance, a normal total protein with a low A/G ratio might suggest an autoimmune disease or a plasma cell dyscrasia.