Hemoglobin Electrophoresis

Function

Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a blood test used to measure and identify the different types of hemoglobin in the bloodstream. Hemoglobin is the protein inside red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen to tissues and organs. In a healthy adult, most hemoglobin is Hemoglobin A (HbA). However, genetic variations can result in abnormal types of hemoglobin or abnormal quantities of standard types.

Why it is Ordered

This test is primarily ordered to diagnose hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias. Doctors utilize it when a patient presents with symptoms of unexplained anemia, such as fatigue, pale skin, or jaundice. It is also a critical component of newborn screening programs and prenatal screening for parents who may carry a genetic trait for conditions like sickle cell disease.

Associated Conditions

• Sickle Cell Disease: Identified by the presence of Hemoglobin S (HbS).
• Hemoglobin C Disease: A genetic disorder that causes a mild form of hemolytic anemia.
• Thalassemia: Characterized by low levels of HbA and elevated levels of HbA2 or HbF. Alpha and Beta thalassemia result from the body's inability to produce enough of the specific globin chains.
• Hemoglobin E: Common in Southeast Asian populations, often causing mild anemia or no symptoms unless combined with other traits.