ImmunologyHematology

Serum Protein Electrophoresis

Normal Range
Albumin: 3.5-5.0, Alpha-1: 0.1-0.3, Alpha-2: 0.6-1.0, Beta: 0.7-1.2, Gamma: 0.6-1.6 g/dL
Sample Type
Serum
Fasting
Required
Unit
g/dL

Function

Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP) is a laboratory technique that separates proteins in the blood based on their electrical charge and size. It divides proteins into five main fractions: Albumin, Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta, and Gamma globulins. This 'map' of proteins helps identify imbalances in immune function and nutrition.

Why it is Ordered

Doctors order an SPEP when they suspect conditions that affect protein production, such as multiple myeloma or other 'plasma cell dyscrasias.' It is also useful for investigating unexplained high total protein, high calcium, or low white blood cell counts.

Associated Conditions

  • Multiple Myeloma: Characterized by an 'M-Spike' in the Gamma or Beta region.
  • MGUS: Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance.
  • Inflammation: Increases in Alpha globulins.
  • Liver Disease: Seen as 'Beta-Gamma bridging' in cirrhosis.

Panel Components

This test is a profile comprising the following specific markers:

Albumin/Globulin (A/G) Ratio
ratio
Gamma Globulin
g/dL
Beta Globulin
g/dL
Total Protein
g/dL
Alpha-2 Globulin
g/dL
Albumin (SPEP)
g/dL
Alpha-1 Globulin
g/dL

Why Context Matters

Interpretations of SPEP are highly dependent on the pathologist's visual reading of the electrophoresis tracing (the 'peaks'). Recent infections, vaccinations, or inflammatory flare-ups can cause a 'polyclonal' increase in Gamma globulins that may be mistaken for more serious conditions. Furthermore, lipemia (fat in the blood) from a non-fasting sample can interfere with the migration of protein bands, leading to inaccurate results.

Lab ranges are statistical averages, not biological laws. "Normal" for a 20-year-old male isn't normal for a 60-year-old female.

Clinical References

Source-of-truth databases and clinical guidelines for Serum Protein Electrophoresis:

Research & Guidelines

Related Indicators

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A.S.O. Titre

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Allergy Profile (Veg, Non-Veg, Inhalants) + Total IgE

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DR

Medically Reviewed by Dr. Binoy Babu, MBBS

Board Certified Doctor • 10+ Years Clinical Experience

Dr. Babu is a practicing physician dedicated to empowering patients with clear, actionable medical information. He founded 2opi to bridge the gap between complex lab reports and patient understanding, ensuring everyone has access to a reliable second opinion.

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