Hemoglobin Electrophoresis by HPLC

Function

Hemoglobin Electrophoresis by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a sophisticated technique used to separate and quantify different types of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Normal adults primarily have Hemoglobin A (HbA), with small amounts of HbA2 and HbF (fetal hemoglobin).

Why it is Ordered

This test is essential for diagnosing hemoglobinopathies—genetic disorders that lead to the production of abnormal hemoglobin or insufficient production of normal hemoglobin. It is ordered for:

• Newborn Screening: Identifying sickle cell disease early.
• Anemia Workup: When a CBC shows low MCV (small red cells) that does not respond to iron therapy.
• Prenatal Screening: Determining if parents carry traits for Thalassemia or Sickle Cell.
• Unexplained Hemolysis: Investigating why red blood cells are breaking down prematurely.

Associated Conditions

• Sickle Cell Disease (HbSS) and Trait (HbAS): Presence of Hemoglobin S.
• Beta-Thalassemia: Characterized by elevated Hemoglobin A2 and sometimes elevated Hemoglobin F.
• Alpha-Thalassemia: May show Hemoglobin H or Bart's (in newborns), though HPLC is sometimes combined with DNA testing for confirmation.
• Hemoglobin C, D, or E Variants: Common structural variants found in specific ethnic populations that can cause mild to severe hemolytic anemia.