Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels. It occurs when the body produces insufficient insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it makes.
Common Symptoms
- Increased thirst
- Frequent urination
- Extreme hunger
- Unexplained weight loss
- Fatigue
- Blurred vision
Clinical Sources
- Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & TypesCleveland Clinic
- Diabetes - Symptoms and causes - Mayo ClinicMayo Clinic
Diagnostic Lab Tests
Tests commonly used to diagnose or monitor Diabetes Mellitus:
24-Hour Urine Albumin
Albumin is a major protein found in the blood. In healthy kidneys, the filtering units (gl...
Urine Specific Gravity
Urine Specific Gravity (USG) measures the concentration of particles in the urine compared...
HDL Cholesterol
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is frequently referred to as 'good' cholesterol. Its primar...
Postprandial Glucose
Postprandial glucose measures the level of sugar in the blood specifically after a meal (u...
Fasting Blood Sugar
The Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) test measures the amount of glucose in the blood after an ov...
24-Hour Urine for Uric Acid
Uric acid is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism in humans. Purines are nitro...
VLDL Cholesterol
Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) is a type of lipoprotein produced by the liver to tran...
Urine Osmolality
Urine Osmolality is a precise measurement of the concentration of dissolved particles in t...
Fluid Glucose
Fluid Glucose testing measures the level of sugar in body fluids other than blood, most co...
Osmolality (Serum)
Serum Osmolality measures the concentration of dissolved particles in the blood, primarily...
1-Hour Post-Load Glucose
Part of the Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT), this measures the blood sugar level exactly 60 m...
Serum Cortisol
Cortisol is often referred to as the 'stress hormone' and is a vital steroid hormone produ...
Urine For Albumin
Albumin is a protein typically found in high concentrations in the blood. In healthy kidne...
CSF Glucose
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Glucose is analyzed to diagnose central nervous system (CNS) pat...
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are the most common form of fat in the body, serving as a primary energy sou...
Ear Pus for Culture and Sensitivity
The Ear Pus Culture and Sensitivity test is a critical diagnostic tool used to identify th...
Lipid Profile
A Lipid Profile is a panel of blood tests used to measure the amount of specific fat molec...
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A) & Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (Beta-hCG)
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A) and Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (beta...
Medcis Male Profile
The Medcis Male Profile is a comprehensive diagnostic panel specifically designed to evalu...
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG)
SHBG is a protein produced by the liver that binds tightly to three sex hormones: testoste...
Pleural Fluid for Rheumatoid Factor
This test measures the concentration of Rheumatoid Factor (RF)—an autoantibody—within the ...
CSF Biochemical Analysis
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless liquid that bathes the brain and spinal co...
2-Hour Post-Prandial Blood Sugar (PPBS)
The 2-Hour Post-Prandial Blood Sugar (PPBS) test measures the body's ability to metabolize...
24-Hours Urine For Creatinine
Creatinine is a waste product produced at a constant rate by the breakdown of creatine pho...
24-Hour Urine for Creatinine Clearance Test
The Creatinine Clearance (CrCl) test measures how effectively the kidneys filter creatinin...
Urine Protein / Creatinine Ratio
The Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio (UPCR) is a diagnostic tool used to estimate the amount...
Protein Creatinine Ratio
The Protein Creatinine Ratio (PCR) is a diagnostic tool used to estimate the amount of pro...
Anti Tissue Transglutaminase IgA (Anti-TTG IgA)
The Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase (tTG) IgA test is the primary screening blood test for Ce...
Post Dinner Blood Sugar
The Post Dinner (Postprandial) Blood Sugar test measures the level of glucose in the blood...
Protein
Protein in a urine routine (proteinuria) is a fundamental indicator of renal health. In a ...
Benedict's Test
Benedict's test is a biochemical assay used to detect the presence of reducing sugars in t...
Urine For Sugar
The 'Urine for Sugar' test, commonly referred to as a glucose urine test, measures the amo...
Serum Phosphorus
Phosphorus is a vital mineral that works closely with calcium to build strong bones and te...
Osmolality (Urine)
Urine osmolality is a measure of the concentration of particles dissolved in the urine, pr...
Glucose
Glucose is the primary source of energy for the body's cells and the only energy source fo...
Glucose Tolerance Test (1 Sample)
The Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) measures the body's ability to metabolize a specific dose...
Ketones (Urine)
In a Complete Urine Examination, the presence of ketones (ketonuria) indicates that the bo...
Anti Thyroglobulin Antibodies
Anti-Thyroglobulin (Anti-Tg) antibodies are autoantibodies produced by the immune system t...
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are a type of lipid (fat) found in the blood. When you eat, the body convert...
Pre-Dinner Blood Sugar
Pre-dinner blood sugar (or pre-prandial glucose) measures the amount of glucose circulatin...
Complete Urine Examination
The Complete Urine Examination (CUE), also known as Urinalysis, is a fundamental diagnosti...
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)
Fasting Blood Sugar measures the circulating glucose in the blood after an 8 to 12-hour pe...
Ketones
Urine ketones are a product of fat metabolism, occurring when the body utilizes fat rather...
Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (TPOAb)
Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme normally found in the thyroid gland that plays a cru...
Allergy Profile With Drugs
The Allergy Profile for Drugs measures the levels of allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (I...
Glucose (Ascitic Fluid)
In Ascitic Fluid analysis, glucose levels are compared to serum levels to help identify th...
CSF ADA Levels
Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme involved in purine metabolism. It is primarily foun...
24 Hours Urine Protein
The 24-hour urine protein test measures the total amount of protein excreted in the urine ...
Random Blood Sugar
Random Blood Sugar (RBS) measures the amount of glucose circulating in the blood at any gi...
Glucose
Glucose is the primary energy source for the body's cells and is the key marker for carboh...
Fasting Plasma Glucose
The Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) serves as the baseline measurement in a Glucose Tolerance...
Serum Osmolality
Serum osmolality is a measure of the concentration of dissolved particles in the blood, pr...
Urine For Spot Protein
The Urine Spot Protein test measures the concentration of proteins, primarily albumin, in ...
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells. It plays a crit...
Urine Routine
A routine urinalysis (Urine Routine) is a fundamental diagnostic tool used to assess the c...
Glycosylated Hb% (HbA1c)
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measures the percentage of hemoglobin that has glucose attached to ...
2-Hour Post-Load Glucose
This component is part of the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). It measures how effectiv...
Serum Insulin
Insulin is a vital hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. Its primary role is...
Ascitic Fluid For Proteins
Measuring protein levels in ascitic fluid (fluid buildup in the abdomen) is a critical ste...
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a surrogate marker for body fatness based on an individual's mass...
Ascitic Fluid Biochemical Analysis
Ascitic fluid biochemical analysis involves the laboratory evaluation of fluid accumulated...
TPO Antibodies
Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme normally found in the thyroid gland that plays a cru...
Urine For Spot Creatinine
Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscle metabolism at a relatively constant rate....
Glucose Tolerance Test (3 Samples)
The Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) is a gold-standard diagnostic tool used to evaluate how t...
Chromogranin A
Chromogranin A (CgA) is a protein found inside neuroendocrine cells. These specialized cel...
Urine Microalbumin
The Urine Microalbumin test measures very small amounts of albumin, a protein typically fo...
Post Prandial Insulin
The Post Prandial Insulin test measures the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas in ...
Lithium
Lithium is a mood stabilizer primarily used for the long-term treatment of bipolar disorde...
Specific IgE - Insulin (Human)
This test detects IgE antibodies specifically reactive to human insulin. While modern reco...
Pre-Lunch Blood Sugar
Pre-Lunch Blood Sugar, also known as a pre-prandial glucose check, measures the concentrat...
Pleural Fluid - Biochemical Analysis
Biochemical analysis of pleural fluid is a comprehensive battery of tests performed on flu...
Urine For Culture And Sensitivity
The Urine Culture and Sensitivity test is designed to identify specific bacteria or yeast ...
Urine For GTT
The Urine Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) is performed in conjunction with the oral blood glu...
Growth Hormone (HGH)
Human Growth Hormone (HGH), secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, is essential for gro...
LDL Cholesterol
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol. Its p...
Urine - Fatty Casts & Droplets
The detection of fatty casts and lipid droplets in urine is a specific microscopic finding...
Urine for Ketone Bodies
Ketones are metabolic byproducts produced when the body burns fat for energy instead of gl...
Fluid Biochemical Analysis
Fluid Biochemical Analysis involves the chemical examination of fluids accumulated in body...
Serum Sodium
Sodium is the primary extracellular electrolyte and is vital for maintaining fluid balance...
Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity (SG) measures the ratio of the density of urine to the density of water. ...
G6PD Estimation
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an essential enzyme found in red blood cells (...
Serum C-Peptide
C-peptide is a byproduct created when the pancreas produces insulin. Proinsulin is cleaved...
Basic Kidney Profile
The Basic Kidney Profile (often referred to as Renal Function Test) measures key electroly...
Fluid Glucose
In the context of Fluid Biochemical Analysis (e.g., pleural, peritoneal, or pericardial fl...
Blood Urea Nitrogen
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea is a was...
Yeasts
In a Complete Stool Examination, the microscopic identification of yeast (typically Candid...
FBS & PPBS
This combined test measures glucose levels at two distinct states: Fasting Blood Sugar (FB...
Urine Glucose
The presence of glucose in the urine (glycosuria) occurs when the blood glucose level exce...
Need Help?
Symptoms can be confusing. Get a professional opinion on your lab reports or symptoms from Dr. Binoy.
Consult Dr. BinoyMedically Reviewed by Dr. Binoy Babu, MBBS
Board Certified Doctor • 10+ Years Clinical Experience
Dr. Babu is a practicing physician dedicated to empowering patients with clear, actionable medical information. He founded 2opi to bridge the gap between complex lab reports and patient understanding, ensuring everyone has access to a reliable second opinion.
Get Notified When Dr. Babu Is Available