Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a general term for conditions affecting the heart or blood vessels. It includes coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke.
Common Symptoms
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
- Pain in neck/jaw/back
- Numbness in extremities
- Lightheadedness
Clinical Sources
- Cardiovascular Disease: Types, Causes & SymptomsCleveland Clinic
- Heart Disease: Symptoms, Causes & TreatmentCleveland Clinic
Diagnostic Lab Tests
Tests commonly used to diagnose or monitor Cardiovascular Disease:
Thyroid Function Panel (Free T3, Free T4, TSH)
The Thyroid Function Panel is a comprehensive group of tests used to evaluate the health a...
24-Hour Urine Albumin
Albumin is a major protein found in the blood. In healthy kidneys, the filtering units (gl...
Urine Specific Gravity
Urine Specific Gravity (USG) measures the concentration of particles in the urine compared...
Ascitic Fluid LDH Levels
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found in almost all body tissues. When cells are ...
HDL Cholesterol
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is frequently referred to as 'good' cholesterol. Its primar...
Fluid Cholesterol
Fluid Cholesterol measurement is utilized in Fluid Biochemical Analysis to differentiate b...
Pleural Fluid for Cell Count & Cell Type
The pleural space is a thin, fluid-filled area between the two layers of the pleura (visce...
Postprandial Glucose
Postprandial glucose measures the level of sugar in the blood specifically after a meal (u...
Sputum for RBC
The Sputum for Red Blood Cells (RBC) test is a microscopic examination of expectorated phl...
Urine For VMA
Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA) is a major metabolic end-product of the catecholamines epineph...
Calcium
Calcium is one of the most vital minerals in the human body, playing a central role in sev...
TSH Receptor Antibody
TSH Receptor Antibodies (TRAb) are autoantibodies that bind to the thyroid-stimulating hor...
Fasting Blood Sugar
The Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) test measures the amount of glucose in the blood after an ov...
Stool for Fat Globulins
The Stool for Fat Globulins test, often referred to as a qualitative fecal fat microscopic...
Throat Swab for Culture and Sensitivity
A Throat Swab Culture is used to detect the presence of harmful bacteria in the posterior ...
Pleural Fluid LDH
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme involved in energy production found in almost all...
Free T4 and TSH
This combined panel measures the two most critical indicators of thyroid health. Thyroid S...
VLDL Cholesterol
Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) is a type of lipoprotein produced by the liver to tran...
Neutrophils (DC)
Neutrophils are the most abundant type of White Blood Cell (WBC) and serve as the primary ...
Urine For Albumin
Albumin is a protein typically found in high concentrations in the blood. In healthy kidne...
VDRL Test
The Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test is a screening tool used to detect an...
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are the most common form of fat in the body, serving as a primary energy sou...
A.S.O. Titre
The Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titre measures the amount of antibodies the body produces aga...
Vitamin D (25-Hydroxy)
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that functions more like a pro-hormone in the body. The...
ANA Profile (ENA Panel - Qualitative)
The ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) Profile, specifically the ENA (Extractable Nuclear Antigen)...
Triglycerides
Measuring triglycerides in ascitic fluid is the definitive method for identifying 'chylous...
Free T3, Free T4
Free T3 (Triiodothyronine) and Free T4 (Thyroxine) are the 'active' forms of thyroid hormo...
Creatinine Clearance Test
The Creatinine Clearance (CrCl) test is used to estimate the Glomerular Filtration Rate (G...
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is a common hematology test that measures how qui...
Lipid Profile
A Lipid Profile is a panel of blood tests used to measure the amount of specific fat molec...
Potassium
Potassium (K+) is the primary intracellular cation, essential for maintaining the resting ...
pH Monitoring
Ambulatory pH monitoring is the gold standard for diagnosing Gastroesophageal Reflux Disea...
Acid-Fast Bacilli Staining
Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) staining, also known as the Ziehl-Neelsen stain, is a laboratory t...
Anti Cardiolipin AB-Profile
Anti-cardiolipin antibodies are autoantibodies directed against cardiolipin, a phospholipi...
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen, also known as Factor I, is a soluble plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the li...
Medcis Male Profile
The Medcis Male Profile is a comprehensive diagnostic panel specifically designed to evalu...
Total Cholesterol
Total Cholesterol is a measurement of all the cholesterol components in the blood, includi...
Ascitic Fluid Total Protein
This test measures the concentration of protein in fluid accumulated in the abdominal cavi...
Sputum Culture (Diphtheria & Pyogenic Organisms)
A Sputum Culture for Diphtheria and Pyogenic Organisms is a laboratory test used to identi...
Pleural Fluid for Rheumatoid Factor
This test measures the concentration of Rheumatoid Factor (RF)—an autoantibody—within the ...
Vitamin D Total 25-Hydroxy (D2 & D3)
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble prohormone essential for calcium and phosphorus absorption in t...
24-Hour Urine for Creatinine Clearance Test
The Creatinine Clearance (CrCl) test measures how effectively the kidneys filter creatinin...
Blood for Culture & Sensitivity
A Blood Culture is a laboratory test used to detect the presence of microorganisms, such a...
Chloride
Serum Chloride is a major extracellular anion that works closely with sodium, potassium, a...
Urine Potassium
Potassium is a vital electrolyte essential for nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and m...
Phospholipid Screen IgG, IgM
The Phospholipid Screen (specifically Cardiolipin antibodies) detects autoantibodies produ...
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol
LDL Cholesterol, often termed 'bad' cholesterol, is a primary component of the lipid profi...
Albert's Stain
Albert's Stain is a specialized differential staining technique used in microbiology to id...
Post Dinner Blood Sugar
The Post Dinner (Postprandial) Blood Sugar test measures the level of glucose in the blood...
Potassium
Potassium is a critical mineral and electrolyte that facilitates nerve transmission and th...
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
The Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) is a functional measure of the 'intrinsic...
Homocysteine
Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid produced during the metabolism of methionin...
Systolic Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) measures the force your heart exerts on the walls of your ar...
Osmolality (Urine)
Urine osmolality is a measure of the concentration of particles dissolved in the urine, pr...
Urine Metanephrines
Urine metanephrines are the metabolites of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)...
Pleural Fluid - AFB Smear
The Pleural Fluid Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) Smear is a critical diagnostic tool used to dete...
Glucose
Glucose is the primary source of energy for the body's cells and the only energy source fo...
Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) Cholesterol
VLDL is a type of lipoprotein produced by the liver to carry triglycerides to tissues. Wit...
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are a type of lipid (fat) found in the blood. When you eat, the body convert...
Serum Electrolytes
Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals found in your blood and other body fluids. ...
Pre-Dinner Blood Sugar
Pre-dinner blood sugar (or pre-prandial glucose) measures the amount of glucose circulatin...
X-Ray
An X-ray (radiograph) is a non-invasive medical test that uses ionizing radiation to produ...
Serum Iron
Serum iron measures the amount of circulating iron that is bound to transferrin in the blo...
Aldosterone
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. Its primary function is t...
Lactate
Lactate (lactic acid) is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism, produced when cells do not r...
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is an intracellular enzyme found in nearly all organ systems, ...
Free Triiodothyronine (FT3)
Triiodothyronine (T3) is one of the two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Whil...
Anti-Cardiolipin Antibody, IgG
Anti-Cardiolipin (aCL) IgG is an autoantibody directed against phospholipids. It is a core...
Pleural Fluid Proteins
Pleural fluid protein measurement is used to evaluate the composition of fluid accumulated...
Total Thyroxine (T4)
Total Thyroxine (T4) is the primary hormone produced and released into the bloodstream by ...
Anti-Cardiolipin Antibody, IgA
Anti-Cardiolipin (aCL) IgA is an autoantibody associated with Antiphospholipid Syndrome (A...
Anti Phospholipid Antibody
Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies (APA) are autoantibodies that mistakenly target the body's ow...
Tacrolimus Levels
Tacrolimus (Prograf) is a potent calcineurin inhibitor used as an immunosuppressant. It pr...
Blood for Culture & Sensitivity (Radiometric)
Blood Culture and Sensitivity (Radiometric) is a sophisticated microbiological test design...
Cardiolipin Antibody, IgG
Cardiolipin IgG is one of the primary autoantibodies tested for Antiphospholipid Syndrome ...
Crenated RBC's
Crenated Red Blood Cells (RBCs), also known as echinocytes or burr cells, are erythrocytes...
Random Blood Sugar
Random Blood Sugar (RBS) measures the amount of glucose circulating in the blood at any gi...
Ascitic Fluid - Malignant Cells
This test involves the microscopic examination of fluid aspirated from the peritoneal cavi...
Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)
Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK), also known as Creatine Kinase (CK), is an essential enzyme f...
Beta-2 Glycoprotein I Antibody, IgG
Beta-2 Glycoprotein I (β2GPI) antibodies are a subset of antiphospholipid antibodies. The ...
Total Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in all cells of the body. It is essential ...
Fluid Proteins
Fluid protein analysis is a diagnostic procedure used to determine the concentration of to...
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) is a critical enzyme primarily produced by epithelial ...
Ionized Calcium
Ionized calcium represents the 'free' form of calcium in the blood that is not bound to pr...
Fluid Total Protein
Fluid Total Protein is a critical parameter in the biochemical analysis of effusions (pleu...
Cardiolipin Antibody, IgM
Cardiolipin IgM antibodies are autoantibodies directed against phospholipids in the mitoch...
Anti-SSA (Ro) Antibody
Anti-SSA (Ro) is an Extractable Nuclear Antigen (ENA) antibody commonly associated with Sj...
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells. It plays a crit...
Glycosylated Hb% (HbA1c)
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measures the percentage of hemoglobin that has glucose attached to ...
Anti-Cardiolipin Antibody, IgM
Anti-Cardiolipin (aCL) IgM antibodies are a primary component of the Antiphospholipid Synd...
ECG With Report
An Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a non-invasive medical test that records the electric...
Ascitic Fluid For Proteins
Measuring protein levels in ascitic fluid (fluid buildup in the abdomen) is a critical ste...
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a surrogate marker for body fatness based on an individual's mass...
Ascitic Fluid Biochemical Analysis
Ascitic fluid biochemical analysis involves the laboratory evaluation of fluid accumulated...
Blood Urea
Blood Urea is a waste product formed in the liver when protein is broken down into amino a...
SGOT
SGOT (Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase), also known as AST (Aspartate Aminotransfer...
Globulin
Globulins are a diverse group of proteins in the blood that play vital roles in liver func...
Glucose Tolerance Test (3 Samples)
The Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) is a gold-standard diagnostic tool used to evaluate how t...
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)
RDW measures the variation in the size (volume) of red blood cells (RBCs), a phenomenon kn...
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is a glycoprotein produced by the anterior pituitary gla...
Urine Microalbumin
The Urine Microalbumin test measures very small amounts of albumin, a protein typically fo...
Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
Packed Cell Volume (PCV), also known as hematocrit (Hct), measures the proportion of whole...
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate Dehydrogenase is an intracellular enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of lactate ...
CK-MB (Creatine Kinase-MB)
Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB) is a specific isoenzyme found primarily in the heart muscle (my...
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart muscle...
Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)
Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) is an enzyme found in high concentrations in the liver, b...
Pleural Fluid - Biochemical Analysis
Biochemical analysis of pleural fluid is a comprehensive battery of tests performed on flu...
Fluid For Cell Count / Celltype
Fluid analysis for cell count and differential (cell type) involves the microscopic examin...
Troponin I
Troponin I is a protein found specifically in heart muscle fibers. It is part of the mecha...
Bronchial Washing for AFB
The Bronchial Washing for Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) test is a critical diagnostic tool used ...
LDL Cholesterol
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol. Its p...
Urine - Fatty Casts & Droplets
The detection of fatty casts and lipid droplets in urine is a specific microscopic finding...
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol
HDL cholesterol is often referred to as 'good' cholesterol because it facilitates reverse ...
Fluid Biochemical Analysis
Fluid Biochemical Analysis involves the chemical examination of fluids accumulated in body...
Serum Magnesium
Magnesium is a vital intracellular cation involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the ...
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is an acute-phase reactant protein produced by the liver. Its lev...
Serum Sodium
Sodium is the primary extracellular electrolyte and is vital for maintaining fluid balance...
Lupus Anticoagulant
The Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) test is a functional assay used to detect specific autoantibo...
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (BP) measures the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries....
Anti-SSB (La)
Anti-SSB (La) antibodies are autoantibodies directed against small ribonucleoproteins. The...
Urine Electrolytes
Urine Electrolyte testing measures the concentration of minerals—specifically sodium (Na),...
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
AST is an enzyme found in high concentrations in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. In...
Blood Urea Nitrogen
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea is a was...
FBS & PPBS
This combined test measures glucose levels at two distinct states: Fasting Blood Sugar (FB...
Fluid For AFB Staining
Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) staining is a laboratory technique used to identify bacteria that ...
Beta-2 Glycoprotein I Antibody, IgM
This test measures IgM class antibodies against Beta-2 Glycoprotein I (B2GPI), a phospholi...
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