Kidney Disease
Kidney disease means your kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood the way they should. You are at greater risk for kidney disease if you have diabetes or high blood pressure.
Common Symptoms
- Nausea
- Swelling of feet and ankles
- Fatigue
- Changes in urination
- Muscle cramps
- Itchy skin
Clinical Sources
- Kidney Failure: Stages, ESRD, Causes, Symptoms & TreatmentCleveland Clinic
- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Symptoms & TreatmentCleveland Clinic
Diagnostic Lab Tests
Tests commonly used to diagnose or monitor Kidney Disease:
Urine Sodium
Sodium is the primary extracellular electrolyte responsible for maintaining osmotic pressu...
24-Hour Urine Albumin
Albumin is a major protein found in the blood. In healthy kidneys, the filtering units (gl...
Epithelial Cells
This component of a urinalysis identifies cells shedding from the urinary tract. Squamous ...
Anti-dsDNA
Anti-dsDNA antibodies are a subset of Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) that specifically targe...
Casts
Casts are cylindrical structures produced by the kidney and secreted in the urine. They ar...
Chloride
Chloride is the major extracellular anion and works closely with sodium to maintain osmoti...
Urine Specific Gravity
Urine Specific Gravity (USG) measures the concentration of particles in the urine compared...
Albumin/Globulin (A/G) Ratio
The Albumin/Globulin (A/G) ratio is a calculated value used to evaluate the balance betwee...
Urine pH
Urine pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of a urine sample. The kidneys play a major ro...
Urine Bicarbonate
Urine Bicarbonate (HCO3-) testing measures the amount of bicarbonate excreted in the urine...
Pleural Fluid for Cell Count & Cell Type
The pleural space is a thin, fluid-filled area between the two layers of the pleura (visce...
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS)
DHEAS is an androgenic steroid hormone produced almost exclusively by the adrenal cortex. ...
Anti-dsDNA Antibodies
Anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies are a type of antinuclear antibody (ANA) ...
Urine Schistosomiasis Test
This test involves the microscopic examination of urine sediment to identify eggs of Schis...
Crystals
The identification of crystals in urine (crystalluria) is a crucial component of a microsc...
Urine For VMA
Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA) is a major metabolic end-product of the catecholamines epineph...
Leukocyte Esterase
Leukocyte Esterase (LE) is an enzyme produced by neutrophils. Its presence in the urine in...
Lipase
Lipase is a digestive enzyme primarily produced by the pancreas. It is secreted into the s...
Anti-Sm Antibody (ELISA)
The Anti-Sm (Anti-Smith) antibody test is a highly specific serological marker used primar...
Calcium
Calcium is one of the most vital minerals in the human body, playing a central role in sev...
RBC Count
The Red Blood Cell (RBC) count measures the number of erythrocytes in a microliter of whol...
Red Blood Cells (Microscopic)
This component measures the presence of intact erythrocytes in the urine sediment using hi...
AFB Culture (Conventional)
The Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) Culture is a laboratory test used to grow and identify mycobac...
Fasting Blood Sugar
The Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) test measures the amount of glucose in the blood after an ov...
Chlorides
Chloride is one of the most important electrolytes in the blood. It helps maintain the bal...
Serum Bicarbonate
Serum Bicarbonate (HCO3-) is a vital electrolyte and a critical component of the body's bu...
Crystals
The identification of crystals in urine (crystalluria) is a key component of a routine uri...
Throat Swab for Culture and Sensitivity
A Throat Swab Culture is used to detect the presence of harmful bacteria in the posterior ...
24-Hour Urine for Uric Acid
Uric acid is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism in humans. Purines are nitro...
24-Hour Urine Copper
Copper is a vital trace mineral that serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in ...
Urine Osmolality
Urine Osmolality is a precise measurement of the concentration of dissolved particles in t...
Creatinine, Urine
Creatinine is a waste product from the normal breakdown of muscle tissue and is filtered b...
Osmolality (Serum)
Serum Osmolality measures the concentration of dissolved particles in the blood, primarily...
Serum Cortisol
Cortisol is often referred to as the 'stress hormone' and is a vital steroid hormone produ...
Free Thyroxine (FT4)
Free Thyroxine (FT4) measures the unbound portion of thyroxine, which is the biologically ...
Urine For Albumin
Albumin is a protein typically found in high concentrations in the blood. In healthy kidne...
24-Hour Urinary VMA
Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA) is one of the primary breakdown products (metabolites) of cate...
Small Biopsy
A small biopsy involves the removal of a tiny piece of tissue from the body for microscopi...
A.S.O. Titre
The Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titre measures the amount of antibodies the body produces aga...
Albumin
Albumin is the most abundant protein found in blood plasma, produced exclusively by the li...
Vitamin D (25-Hydroxy)
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that functions more like a pro-hormone in the body. The...
Serum Uric Acid
Uric acid is a waste product created when the body breaks down purines—natural substances ...
TB IgM, IgG, IgA
The TB Serology test measures the levels of different antibodies (IgM, IgG, and IgA) produ...
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) is a measure of the average volume (size) of a single red bl...
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin (Hb) is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells (RBCs) responsible for t...
Urine For A.F.B
The Urine for Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) test is a laboratory procedure used to detect mycoba...
Total Protein
Total protein measures the combined amount of albumin and globulins in the serum. In the c...
Creatinine Clearance Test
The Creatinine Clearance (CrCl) test is used to estimate the Glomerular Filtration Rate (G...
Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen is a colorless byproduct of bilirubin reduction by intestinal bacteria. Most ...
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate (DHEAS)
DHEAS is an androgenic steroid hormone produced almost exclusively by the adrenal cortex, ...
Myeloma Profile
A Myeloma Profile is a comprehensive panel of tests designed to detect, quantify, and moni...
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
BUN measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from the waste product urea. I...
Creatinine
Creatinine is a waste product produced by the muscles from the breakdown of a compound cal...
Potassium
Potassium (K+) is the primary intracellular cation and is essential for maintaining the re...
Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity (SG) measures the concentration of particles (solutes) in the urine compa...
Bicarbonate (Total CO2)
Total CO2 represents approximately 95% bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the serum, regulated by the ...
Proteins & A/G Ratio
This test measures Total Protein in the blood, which is composed primarily of Albumin and ...
Medcis Male Profile
The Medcis Male Profile is a comprehensive diagnostic panel specifically designed to evalu...
Urine Bence Jones Proteins
Bence Jones proteins are monoclonal globulin proteins (free light chains) produced by neop...
Urine For Urea
Urea is the primary nitrogenous waste product of protein catabolism in humans. Produced in...
Vitamin D Total 25-Hydroxy (D2 & D3)
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble prohormone essential for calcium and phosphorus absorption in t...
24-Hours Urine For Creatinine
Creatinine is a waste product produced at a constant rate by the breakdown of creatine pho...
Urine Creatinine
Urine Creatinine measures the amount of creatinine (a byproduct of muscle metabolism) excr...
24-Hour Urine for Creatinine Clearance Test
The Creatinine Clearance (CrCl) test measures how effectively the kidneys filter creatinin...
eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate)
The eGFR is the gold standard for assessing overall kidney function and staging Chronic Ki...
Urine Protein / Creatinine Ratio
The Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio (UPCR) is a diagnostic tool used to estimate the amount...
Serum Creatinine
Serum Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism excreted primarily by the kidneys...
Urine pH
Urine pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of a urine sample. It is a critical component ...
Chloride
Serum Chloride is a major extracellular anion that works closely with sodium, potassium, a...
Urine Potassium
Potassium is a vital electrolyte essential for nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and m...
Creatinine
Creatinine is a byproduct of creatine phosphate metabolism in muscle and is excreted prima...
Protein Creatinine Ratio
The Protein Creatinine Ratio (PCR) is a diagnostic tool used to estimate the amount of pro...
Aldosterone-Renin Ratio
The Aldosterone-Renin Ratio (ARR) is the most reliable screening test for Primary Aldoster...
Calcium
Calcium is a vital mineral measured in the Basic Kidney Profile to evaluate mineral metabo...
Protein
Protein in a urine routine (proteinuria) is a fundamental indicator of renal health. In a ...
Potassium
Potassium is a critical mineral and electrolyte that facilitates nerve transmission and th...
Benedict's Test
Benedict's test is a biochemical assay used to detect the presence of reducing sugars in t...
Urine Uric Acid
Uric acid is the end-product of the metabolic breakdown of purines, which are nitrogenous ...
Urine For Sugar
The 'Urine for Sugar' test, commonly referred to as a glucose urine test, measures the amo...
AFB Culture (Radiometric)
The AFB (Acid-Fast Bacilli) Culture using radiometric methods (such as the BACTEC system) ...
Serum Progesterone
Progesterone is a steroid hormone primarily produced by the corpus luteum in the ovaries d...
Serum Phosphorus
Phosphorus is a vital mineral that works closely with calcium to build strong bones and te...
White Blood Cells (Microscopic)
The presence of White Blood Cells (WBCs) in urine, known as pyuria, is a primary indicator...
Homocysteine
Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid produced during the metabolism of methionin...
Systolic Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) measures the force your heart exerts on the walls of your ar...
Osmolality (Urine)
Urine osmolality is a measure of the concentration of particles dissolved in the urine, pr...
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin (Hb) is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells responsible for transpor...
Urine Metanephrines
Urine metanephrines are the metabolites of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)...
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), formerly known as SGOT, is an enzyme present in metaboli...
Glucose
Glucose is the primary source of energy for the body's cells and the only energy source fo...
Alpha-2 Globulin
Alpha-2 globulin is a fraction of serum proteins identified during electrophoresis. This g...
AFB Culture & Sensitivity (Conventional)
The AFB Culture and Sensitivity test is the 'gold standard' for diagnosing tuberculosis (T...
Serum Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) is an essential nutrient required for proper red blood cell format...
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are a type of lipid (fat) found in the blood. When you eat, the body convert...
Serum Electrolytes
Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals found in your blood and other body fluids. ...
Bilirubin
Bilirubin in the urine (bilirubinuria) is always considered an abnormal finding. Only conj...
Kidney Biopsy Panel 1
A Kidney Biopsy Panel involves the microscopic examination of renal tissue, typically usin...
Complete Urine Examination
The Complete Urine Examination (CUE), also known as Urinalysis, is a fundamental diagnosti...
Red Blood Cells (Microscopic)
The presence of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) in the urine, known as hematuria, is a critical fin...
Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Bicarbonate is a vital byproduct of the body's metabolism and acts as a buffer to maintain...
Serum Prolactin
Prolactin is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland in the brain. Its primary ...
Ultrasound Complete Abdomen
This imaging study utilizes high-frequency sound waves to visualize the morphology, size, ...
Aldosterone
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. Its primary function is t...
Creatinine
Creatinine measurement in Ascitic Fluid is a specialized diagnostic tool used primarily to...
Lactate
Lactate (lactic acid) is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism, produced when cells do not r...
Urine for Culture & Sensitivity
The Urine Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) test is the gold standard for diagnosing Urinary T...
Urine For Occult Blood
The Urine Occult Blood test (often part of a dipstick urinalysis) is designed to detect th...
Ascitic Fluid For Culture And Sensitivity
This test involves the culturing of peritoneal fluid (ascites) accumulated in the abdomina...
pH
Urine pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of a urine sample. In a Complete Urine Examina...
Protein (Urine)
Measuring protein in the urine is a primary screen for kidney function. Normally, the glom...
Plasma Renin Activity
Plasma Renin Activity (PRA) measures the capacity of the enzyme renin to generate angioten...
Urethral Swab Culture and Sensitivity
Urethral Swab Culture and Sensitivity is a diagnostic laboratory procedure used to identif...
Urobilinogen - Urine
Urobilinogen is a colorless byproduct of bilirubin reduction. It is formed in the intestin...
Vitamin D3 (1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol)
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, also known as Calcitriol, is the biologically active form of Vita...
Tacrolimus Levels
Tacrolimus (Prograf) is a potent calcineurin inhibitor used as an immunosuppressant. It pr...
Casts
Casts are cylindrical structures formed in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duc...
Beta 2 Microglobulin
Beta-2 Microglobulin (B2M) is a protein found on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells...
Serum Ferritin
Ferritin is a blood protein that contains iron. It is the primary way your body stores iro...
Appearance
The visual assessment of urine clarity is a fundamental part of a urinalysis. Normal urine...
24 Hours Urine Protein
The 24-hour urine protein test measures the total amount of protein excreted in the urine ...
Crenated RBC's
Crenated Red Blood Cells (RBCs), also known as echinocytes or burr cells, are erythrocytes...
Total Proteins
The Total Protein test measures the cumulative amount of albumin and globulin in the blood...
Urethral Pus for Z.N. Stain
The Ziehl-Neelsen (Z.N.) stain, also known as the acid-fast stain, is a bacteriological co...
Leukocyte Esterase
Leukocyte Esterase is an enzyme produced by white blood cells (neutrophils). Its presence ...
COVID Panel Bio Chemistry
The COVID Biochemistry Panel is a cluster of laboratory tests used to monitor the physiolo...
MTB PCR Any Sample
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test is a molecular d...
Absolute Eosinophil Count
Eosinophils are a specialized type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that play a dual role i...
Urine For AFB (3 Samples)
The Urine for AFB (Acid-Fast Bacilli) test is a specialized microbiological culture and mi...
Erythropoietin Levels
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the peritubular cells...
White Blood Cells (Microscopic)
The microscopic evaluation of White Blood Cells (WBCs) in urine, known as pyuria, is a pri...
Tb Platinum Igra, Blood
The Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) is a modern blood test used to detect infection ...
Ionized Calcium
Ionized calcium represents the 'free' form of calcium in the blood that is not bound to pr...
Serum Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is secreted by the four parathyroid glands located in the neck. ...
Serum Osmolality
Serum osmolality is a measure of the concentration of dissolved particles in the blood, pr...
Urine For Spot Protein
The Urine Spot Protein test measures the concentration of proteins, primarily albumin, in ...
Urine Routine
A routine urinalysis (Urine Routine) is a fundamental diagnostic tool used to assess the c...
Glycosylated Hb% (HbA1c)
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measures the percentage of hemoglobin that has glucose attached to ...
24-Hour Urine Calcium
The 24-hour Urine Calcium test measures the total amount of calcium excreted in the urine ...
Biopsy (Large Tissue)
A 'Large Biopsy' refers to the histopathological examination of a significant portion of t...
Total Protein
Total Protein measures the combined amount of albumin and globulins in the serum. Within a...
Sodium
Sodium is the primary extracellular cation and is essential for maintaining osmotic pressu...
Complement C4
Complement C4 is a protein that is part of the body's complement system, a complex group o...
Hemoglobin F (HbF)
Hemoglobin F is the primary oxygen carrier in a fetus, but it is typically replaced by Hem...
Blood Urea
Blood Urea is a waste product formed in the liver when protein is broken down into amino a...
SGOT
SGOT (Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase), also known as AST (Aspartate Aminotransfer...
Globulin
Globulins are a diverse group of proteins in the blood that play vital roles in liver func...
Urine Calcium
Urine calcium measures the amount of calcium excreted by the kidneys over a 24-hour period...
Urine For Spot Creatinine
Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscle metabolism at a relatively constant rate....
17-Alpha Hydroxy Progesterone
17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) is a precursor hormone in the synthesis of cortisol. The e...
Scrub Typhus (IgM/IgG)
This test detects antibodies (IgM and IgG) against Orientia tsutsugamushi, the causative b...
Chromogranin A
Chromogranin A (CgA) is a protein found inside neuroendocrine cells. These specialized cel...
Bilirubin (Urine)
Under normal physiological conditions, bilirubin (specifically conjugated bilirubin) is no...
Serum Haptoglobulin
Haptoglobin is a protein produced by the liver that functions as a scavenger for free hemo...
Urine Microalbumin
The Urine Microalbumin test measures very small amounts of albumin, a protein typically fo...
Calcitonin
Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid hormone produced by the parafollicular cells (also known as ...
Lithium
Lithium is a mood stabilizer primarily used for the long-term treatment of bipolar disorde...
AFB Culture & Sensitivity (Radiometric)
AFB (Acid-Fast Bacilli) Culture and Sensitivity is the gold standard for diagnosing infect...
Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
Packed Cell Volume (PCV), also known as hematocrit (Hct), measures the proportion of whole...
Urine For Microscopy
Urine microscopy is the physical examination of urine sediment under a microscope after ce...
Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)
Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) is an enzyme found in high concentrations in the liver, b...
Potassium, 24-Hour Urine
Urine potassium measurement is essential in the diagnostic workup of hypokalemia and hyper...
Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin (Hb) is the iron-containing protein found within red blood cells (RBCs). Its p...
Hemoglobin F
Hemoglobin F (HbF), or fetal hemoglobin, is the primary oxygen transport protein in the hu...
Urine For Culture And Sensitivity
The Urine Culture and Sensitivity test is designed to identify specific bacteria or yeast ...
Urine For GTT
The Urine Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) is performed in conjunction with the oral blood glu...
Troponin I
Troponin I is a protein found specifically in heart muscle fibers. It is part of the mecha...
Uric Acid
Uric Acid is the metabolic byproduct of purine degradation. In an Arthritis Basic Screen, ...
Urine - Fatty Casts & Droplets
The detection of fatty casts and lipid droplets in urine is a specific microscopic finding...
Sodium, Urine (24-Hour)
Urine Sodium measurement is a vital tool in assessing renal handling of electrolytes and v...
Plasma Aldosterone
Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates s...
Urine for AFB Culture and Sensitivity
The Urine for AFB (Acid-Fast Bacilli) Culture and Sensitivity test is designed to identify...
Serum Magnesium
Magnesium is a vital intracellular cation involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the ...
Serum Sodium
Sodium is the primary extracellular electrolyte and is vital for maintaining fluid balance...
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (BP) measures the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries....
Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity (SG) measures the ratio of the density of urine to the density of water. ...
Testosterone
Testosterone is the primary androgenic steroid hormone. In males, it is mainly produced in...
Carbon Dioxide (Bicarbonate)
In a Basic Kidney Profile, the Carbon Dioxide test primarily measures the amount of bicarb...
Urine Electrolytes
Urine Electrolyte testing measures the concentration of minerals—specifically sodium (Na),...
Total Protein
Serum Total Protein measures the combined amount of albumin and globulins. It is a vital m...
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
An Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) test measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the b...
Basic Kidney Profile
The Basic Kidney Profile (often referred to as Renal Function Test) measures key electroly...
A/G Ratio (Albumin/Globulin Ratio)
The A/G ratio is a calculated value comparing the amount of Albumin to Globulins (Total Pr...
Blood (Hemoglobin)
This component of a Complete Urine Examination detects the presence of red blood cells (he...
Blood Urea Nitrogen
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea is a was...
Urine Immunofixation Electrophoresis Quantitative
Urine Immunofixation Electrophoresis (IFE) is a sensitive laboratory technique used to ide...
Leptospira ELISA
The Leptospira ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a serological test designed to...
Progesterone
Progesterone is a steroid hormone primarily produced by the corpus luteum in the ovaries f...
Total Protein
As part of Serum Electrophoresis, Total Protein represents the sum of Albumin and all Glob...
Liver-Kidney Microsome Type 1 (LKM-1) Antibody
The LKM-1 antibody is a hallmark serological marker for Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) Type 2....
FBS & PPBS
This combined test measures glucose levels at two distinct states: Fasting Blood Sugar (FB...
Urine Glucose
The presence of glucose in the urine (glycosuria) occurs when the blood glucose level exce...
A/G Ratio
The A/G ratio is a calculated value representing the relationship between two major types ...
Liver-Kidney Microsome (LKM)-1 Antibody (ELISA)
The Liver-Kidney Microsome Type 1 (LKM-1) antibody test is a specialized immunological ass...
Autoimmune Hepatitis Panel
The Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) Panel is a comprehensive group of tests designed to detect ...
Urine For Spot Sodium
Sodium is a critical electrolyte that regulates the amount of water in the body and plays ...
Complement - 3
The Complement C3 test measures the amount of C3 protein in the blood. C3 is a central com...
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