Liver Disease
Liver disease is a catch-all term for any condition that damages the liver and prevents it from functioning well. Examples include hepatitis, cirrhosis, and fatty liver disease.
Common Symptoms
- Skin and eyes that appear yellowish (jaundice)
- Abdominal pain and swelling
- Swelling in the legs and ankles
- Itchy skin
- Dark urine color
- Pale stool color
- Chronic fatigue
- Nausea or vomiting
Clinical Sources
- Liver Disease: Signs & Symptoms, Causes, Stages, TreatmentCleveland Clinic
Diagnostic Lab Tests
Tests commonly used to diagnose or monitor Liver Disease:
Thyroid Function Panel (Free T3, Free T4, TSH)
The Thyroid Function Panel is a comprehensive group of tests used to evaluate the health a...
Urine Sodium
Sodium is the primary extracellular electrolyte responsible for maintaining osmotic pressu...
24-Hour Urine Albumin
Albumin is a major protein found in the blood. In healthy kidneys, the filtering units (gl...
Interleukin 6
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a versatile pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by various cells, i...
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
The presence of intact Red Blood Cells in a stool sample (microscopic examination) indicat...
Basophils (DC)
Basophils are the least common type of white blood cell, involved in allergic responses an...
Anti-HEV Antibodies
The Anti-HEV (Hepatitis E Virus) Antibodies test detects the body's immune response to an ...
Casts
Casts are cylindrical structures produced by the kidney and secreted in the urine. They ar...
Anti Nuclear Antibodies (ELISA)
Anti-Nuclear Antibodies (ANA) are a group of autoantibodies produced by the immune system ...
Albumin/Globulin (A/G) Ratio
The Albumin/Globulin (A/G) ratio is a calculated value used to evaluate the balance betwee...
Urine pH
Urine pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of a urine sample. The kidneys play a major ro...
Ascitic Fluid LDH Levels
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found in almost all body tissues. When cells are ...
TPHA (Treponema Pallidum Hemagglutination Assay)
The TPHA test is a specific treponemal test used to detect antibodies directed against Tre...
Fluid For Malignant Cells
Cytological examination of body fluids is a specialized laboratory process where a patholo...
Nitrite
The Nitrite test is a biochemical marker for bacteriuria, specifically involving organisms...
HDL Cholesterol
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is frequently referred to as 'good' cholesterol. Its primar...
Pleural Fluid for Cell Count & Cell Type
The pleural space is a thin, fluid-filled area between the two layers of the pleura (visce...
Postprandial Glucose
Postprandial glucose measures the level of sugar in the blood specifically after a meal (u...
Rheumatoid Factor IgG (ELISA)
Rheumatoid Factor (RF) is an autoantibody—an antibody directed against the body's own tiss...
Sputum for RBC
The Sputum for Red Blood Cells (RBC) test is a microscopic examination of expectorated phl...
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
The Complete Blood Count (CBC) is a fundamental diagnostic panel that measures the various...
Crystals
The identification of crystals in urine (crystalluria) is a crucial component of a microsc...
House Dust Mite (D. pteronyssinus) Specific IgE
This test measures the concentration of allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (sIgE) antibodi...
Basophils
Basophils are the least common granulocyte in the peripheral blood. They play a pivotal ro...
Urine For VMA
Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA) is a major metabolic end-product of the catecholamines epineph...
HSV 1 & 2 IgM
The Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 1 and 2 IgM test detects immunoglobulin M antibodies, which...
Wet Mount
A Wet Mount, also known as a vaginal smear or saline mount, is a diagnostic test where a s...
Acid Phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase (ACP) is an enzyme found in various tissues, including the bone, liver, s...
Lipase
Lipase is a digestive enzyme primarily produced by the pancreas. It is secreted into the s...
Dog Dander Specific IgE
This test measures the concentration of allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodie...
CD8 Absolute Count
CD8+ T-lymphocytes, or cytotoxic T-cells, are vital for the immune response against intrac...
Calcium
Calcium is one of the most vital minerals in the human body, playing a central role in sev...
RBC Count
The Red Blood Cell (RBC) count measures the number of erythrocytes in a microliter of whol...
DNA TB PCR
The DNA TB PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) test is a rapid molecular diagnostic tool used ...
HSV 1 (IgG, IgM)
The HSV 1 (IgG, IgM) test is a serological assay used to detect antibodies against the Her...
Specific IgE - Soy
This component measures IgE antibodies against soy (Glycine max) proteins. Within a compre...
AFB Culture (Conventional)
The Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) Culture is a laboratory test used to grow and identify mycobac...
Blood Cell Morphology
Blood Cell Morphology is a qualitative microscopic examination of a blood smear. A patholo...
Discharge From Nipple For Culture And Sensitivity
This test involves collecting fluid discharged from the nipple to identify pathogenic bact...
Allergy Profile (Veg) + Total IgE
This panel combines a Total IgE measurement with specific IgE tests for a variety of plant...
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a gonadotropin produced by the anterior pituitary gland. In bo...
Fasting Blood Sugar
The Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) test measures the amount of glucose in the blood after an ov...
Basophils (Absolute)
Basophils are the least common leukocyte in a Complete Blood Picture. They contain granule...
Stool for Fat Globulins
The Stool for Fat Globulins test, often referred to as a qualitative fecal fat microscopic...
Reducing Substances
The stool reducing substances test is primarily used to screen for carbohydrate malabsorpt...
Serum Bicarbonate
Serum Bicarbonate (HCO3-) is a vital electrolyte and a critical component of the body's bu...
CD8+ Absolute Count
The CD8+ Absolute Count measures the total number of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in the blood....
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
ESR is a non-specific marker of systemic inflammation. It measures the rate at which red b...
Audiometry Test
Audiometry is a non-invasive diagnostic test used to measure a person's ability to hear so...
Stool Culture and Sensitivity
The Stool Culture and Sensitivity test is a primary diagnostic tool used to identify the p...
Crystals
The identification of crystals in urine (crystalluria) is a key component of a routine uri...
Procalcitonin
Procalcitonin (PCT) is a peptide precursor of the hormone calcitonin. In healthy individua...
Pleural Fluid LDH
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme involved in energy production found in almost all...
Eosinophils
Eosinophils are a specialized type of white blood cell (leukocyte) primarily involved in t...
Free T4 and TSH
This combined panel measures the two most critical indicators of thyroid health. Thyroid S...
Total Leucocyte Count (TC)
The Total Leucocyte Count (TLC) measures the total number of white blood cells (WBCs) in a...
Alkaline Phosphatase
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in various tissues throughout the body, with...
Specific IgE - Rice
This test measures the concentration of allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodie...
VLDL Cholesterol
Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) is a type of lipoprotein produced by the liver to tran...
Inhibin B
Inhibin B is a peptide hormone produced by the granulosa cells of the ovaries (in females)...
24-Hour Urine Copper
Copper is a vital trace mineral that serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in ...
Pap Smear
The Papanicolaou test, commonly known as a Pap Smear, is a screening procedure for cervica...
Fluid for Amylase
Amylase is an enzyme primarily produced by the pancreas and salivary glands to break down ...
Urine Osmolality
Urine Osmolality is a precise measurement of the concentration of dissolved particles in t...
Creatinine, Urine
Creatinine is a waste product from the normal breakdown of muscle tissue and is filtered b...
Fluid Glucose
Fluid Glucose testing measures the level of sugar in body fluids other than blood, most co...
CMV DNA Quantitative
The Cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA Quantitative test, often performed via Polymerase Chain Reac...
Hereditary Cancer Gene Panel - Focused
The Hereditary Cancer Gene Panel is a specialized genetic test that utilizes Next-Generati...
Specific IgE - Alternaria alternata (Mold)
This test measures the concentration of allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodie...
Serum Cortisol
Cortisol is often referred to as the 'stress hormone' and is a vital steroid hormone produ...
Free Thyroxine (FT4)
Free Thyroxine (FT4) measures the unbound portion of thyroxine, which is the biologically ...
Liver Cytosol Type 1 (LC-1) Antibody
The LC-1 antibody is a specific serological marker for Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) Type 2. ...
MMR Profile (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)
The MMR Profile measures the presence of IgG antibodies against three viral infections: Me...
Hemoglobin A
Hemoglobin A (HbA) is the major adult form of hemoglobin, consisting of two alpha and two ...
Urine For Albumin
Albumin is a protein typically found in high concentrations in the blood. In healthy kidne...
BCR-ABL Translocation
The BCR-ABL test is a highly specific molecular test that looks for a genetic abnormality ...
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
CRP is an acute-phase reactant protein synthesized by the liver in response to interleukin...
24-Hour Urinary VMA
Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA) is one of the primary breakdown products (metabolites) of cate...
Small Biopsy
A small biopsy involves the removal of a tiny piece of tissue from the body for microscopi...
A.S.O. Titre
The Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titre measures the amount of antibodies the body produces aga...
Beta Globulin
Beta globulins are a group of globular proteins in the plasma that are more mobile in alka...
Albumin
Albumin is the most abundant protein found in blood plasma, produced exclusively by the li...
Vitamin D (25-Hydroxy)
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that functions more like a pro-hormone in the body. The...
Serum Uric Acid
Uric acid is a waste product created when the body breaks down purines—natural substances ...
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)
RDW is a numerical measure of anisocytosis, or the variation in size of circulating red bl...
Spore Stain
The Spore Stain, most commonly utilizing the Schaeffer-Fulton method, is a specialized dif...
TB IgM, IgG, IgA
The TB Serology test measures the levels of different antibodies (IgM, IgG, and IgA) produ...
Rheumatoid Factor (RF)
Rheumatoid Factor (RF) is an autoantibody—an antibody directed against the body's own tiss...
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) is a measure of the average volume (size) of a single red bl...
Malaria Parasite - QBC Method
The Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC) method is a specialized fluorescent microscopy technique...
Ear Pus for Culture and Sensitivity
The Ear Pus Culture and Sensitivity test is a critical diagnostic tool used to identify th...
L.E. Cells (Lupus Erythematosus Cells)
The L.E. Cell test is a historical laboratory procedure used to detect Systemic Lupus Eryt...
ALL Multiplex PCR 28 Translocations (MedGenome)
This is a highly specialized molecular diagnostic test using Multiplex Polymerase Chain Re...
Triglycerides
Measuring triglycerides in ascitic fluid is the definitive method for identifying 'chylous...
Urine For HCG (Pregnancy Test)
The Urine hCG test detects the presence of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, a hormone produce...
Urine For A.F.B
The Urine for Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) test is a laboratory procedure used to detect mycoba...
Free T3, Free T4
Free T3 (Triiodothyronine) and Free T4 (Thyroxine) are the 'active' forms of thyroid hormo...
Throat Swab For Fungus
The Throat Swab for Fungus test is used to identify fungal overgrowth in the oropharynx. W...
Direct Bilirubin
Direct (conjugated) bilirubin measures the portion of bilirubin that has been processed by...
Urine For Pregnancy
The Urine Pregnancy Test is a qualitative or semi-quantitative assay designed to detect th...
Dual Marker
The Dual Marker test (also known as the First Trimester Screening) is a predictive blood t...
Bile Pigments (Urinary Bilirubin)
Bilirubin should not be detectable in the urine of a healthy individual. Because only conj...
Total Protein
Total protein measures the combined amount of albumin and globulins in the serum. In the c...
Complete Stool Examination
A Complete Stool Examination is a series of tests performed on a stool sample to help diag...
Creatinine Clearance Test
The Creatinine Clearance (CrCl) test is used to estimate the Glomerular Filtration Rate (G...
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is a common hematology test that measures how qui...
Toxoplasma PCR
The Toxoplasma PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) test is a molecular diagnostic tool used to...
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen, also known as Factor I, is a glycoprotein produced by the liver that plays a c...
Platelet Count
Platelets (thrombocytes) are essential for primary hemostasis and clot formation. Within a...
Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen is a colorless byproduct of bilirubin reduction by intestinal bacteria. Most ...
Chloride, Urine
Urine Chloride is a vital measurement for evaluating the body's acid-base balance and elec...
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A) & Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (Beta-hCG)
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A) and Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (beta...
Albumin
Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, responsible for maintaining oncotic pressure ...
Sputum for Fungal Elements
This test involves the microscopic examination and culture of sputum (deeply coughed-up ph...
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a laboratory technique used to visualize the distribution an...
BRAF V600 Mutation Analysis
The BRAF gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps transmit chemical sign...
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
BUN measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from the waste product urea. I...
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
FSH is a gonadotropin synthesized by the anterior pituitary. In the LH, FSH Panel, it is u...
pH Monitoring
Ambulatory pH monitoring is the gold standard for diagnosing Gastroesophageal Reflux Disea...
Creatinine
Creatinine is a waste product produced by the muscles from the breakdown of a compound cal...
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC)
FNAC is a diagnostic procedure where a thin needle is inserted into a lump or mass to extr...
Acid-Fast Bacilli Staining
Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) staining, also known as the Ziehl-Neelsen stain, is a laboratory t...
Rheumatoid Factor (RA Factor)
Rheumatoid Factor (RF) is an autoantibody, specifically an immunoglobulin (usually IgM) th...
Ascitic Fluid ADA Levels
Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme involved in purine metabolism. It is primarily rele...
Measles Virus IgG Antibody
The Measles IgG test detects antibodies that indicate long-term immunity to the Rubeola vi...
Allergy Profile Without Drugs
The Allergy Profile Without Drugs is a panel of blood tests that measures the concentratio...
HLA B27
The HLA-B27 (Human Leukocyte Antigen B27) is a specific protein, known as a class I surfac...
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen, also known as Factor I, is a soluble plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the li...
Hb, Tc, Dc & Esr
This profile is a baseline hematological screen consisting of Hemoglobin (Hb), Total Count...
Proteins & A/G Ratio
This test measures Total Protein in the blood, which is composed primarily of Albumin and ...
Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen is a byproduct of bilirubin reduction by intestinal bacteria. Most is excrete...
Globulin
Globulin is a calculated value (Total Protein minus Albumin). It comprises diverse protein...
Sperm Morphology (Normal Forms)
Sperm morphology is an evaluation of the size and shape of sperm cells as part of a semen ...
Skin Scraping For Fungal Culture
The Skin Scraping for Fungal Culture is a diagnostic laboratory procedure used to identify...
Medcis Male Profile
The Medcis Male Profile is a comprehensive diagnostic panel specifically designed to evalu...
Mpo Stain
The Myeloperoxidase (MPO) Stain is a cytochemical test used to detect the enzyme myelopero...
HBeAg
HBeAg (Hepatitis B e-Antigen) is a soluble protein that is a byproduct of Hepatitis B Viru...
Urine Bence Jones Proteins
Bence Jones proteins are monoclonal globulin proteins (free light chains) produced by neop...
SGPT (Alanine Aminotransferase)
SGPT, now more commonly known as ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase), is an enzyme found primar...
Skin Clipping (3 Sites)
A skin clipping test involves taking small pieces of the stratum corneum (the outermost la...
Ascitic Fluid Total Protein
This test measures the concentration of protein in fluid accumulated in the abdominal cavi...
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG)
SHBG is a protein produced by the liver that binds tightly to three sex hormones: testoste...
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
The Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) test measures the time it takes for a blood clot to ...
Hepatitis A Virus IgM
The Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) IgM test is a serological assay used to detect IgM antibodies ...
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
CEA is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. While primarily associated with colorecta...
Gamma Globulin
The gamma globulin fraction on a Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP) primarily consists o...
Soluble Liver Antigen (SLA) Antibody
The SLA antibody is a highly specific marker for Type 1 Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH). While ...
Urine For Urea
Urea is the primary nitrogenous waste product of protein catabolism in humans. Produced in...
Vitamin D Total 25-Hydroxy (D2 & D3)
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble prohormone essential for calcium and phosphorus absorption in t...
LE Cell
The Lupus Erythematosus (LE) cell is a neutrophil or macrophage that has ingested the dena...
2-Hour Post-Prandial Blood Sugar (PPBS)
The 2-Hour Post-Prandial Blood Sugar (PPBS) test measures the body's ability to metabolize...
24-Hours Urine For Creatinine
Creatinine is a waste product produced at a constant rate by the breakdown of creatine pho...
Toxoplasma IgG
The Toxoplasma IgG test is a serological assay used to detect antibodies against Toxoplasm...
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A)
PAPP-A is a zinc-binding enzyme produced by the trophoblast (placenta) during pregnancy. I...
HBsAg (Australia Antigen)
The Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg), historically known as the Australia Antigen, is t...
24-Hour Urine for Creatinine Clearance Test
The Creatinine Clearance (CrCl) test measures how effectively the kidneys filter creatinin...
STIL-TAL1 Fusion (SIL-TAL1)
The STIL-TAL1 fusion (previously known as SIL-TAL1) results from a submicroscopic intersti...
Urine Protein / Creatinine Ratio
The Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio (UPCR) is a diagnostic tool used to estimate the amount...
Serum Creatinine
Serum Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism excreted primarily by the kidneys...
Blood for Culture & Sensitivity
A Blood Culture is a laboratory test used to detect the presence of microorganisms, such a...
COVID-19 - Antibody
The COVID-19 Antibody test (also known as a serology test) looks for antibodies (IgG, IgM,...
Ferritin
Ferritin is a universal intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a contro...
KOH Mount
The Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Mount is a rapid bedside or laboratory test used to identify...
Stool for Reducing Substance
This test detects the presence of reducing sugars in the stool. Most carbohydrates are abs...
HBsAg (ELISA)
The Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) test is the primary diagnostic tool used to identi...
Serum CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen)
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. It is normally...
Urine Potassium
Potassium is a vital electrolyte essential for nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and m...
Fluid For Hydatid Scolices
This laboratory examination involves the microscopic analysis of cystic fluid—typically ob...
Protein Creatinine Ratio
The Protein Creatinine Ratio (PCR) is a diagnostic tool used to estimate the amount of pro...
Phospholipid Screen IgG, IgM
The Phospholipid Screen (specifically Cardiolipin antibodies) detects autoantibodies produ...
Wheat Specific IgE
This test measures the concentration of allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodie...
COVID RT PCR
The COVID-19 Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test is the 'gold st...
Mumps Virus IgG Antibody
The Mumps Virus IgG (Immunoglobulin G) test is used to determine immune status against the...
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a critical rol...
Estradiol (E2)
Estradiol (E2) is the most potent form of estrogen and the primary female sex hormone. In ...
Reticulocyte Count
Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells (RBCs) that have just been released from the bo...
HER2/Neu by FISH
HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2) is a protein that promotes the growth of c...
Post Dinner Blood Sugar
The Post Dinner (Postprandial) Blood Sugar test measures the level of glucose in the blood...
Protein
Protein in a urine routine (proteinuria) is a fundamental indicator of renal health. In a ...
Total Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment formed during the normal breakdown of red blood cells (he...
Anti-CCP Antibody
The Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (Anti-CCP) antibody test detects autoantibodies prod...
Benedict's Test
Benedict's test is a biochemical assay used to detect the presence of reducing sugars in t...
Ear Clipping For AFB
The Ear Clipping for AFB (Acid-Fast Bacilli) test, also known as a Slit-Skin Smear (SSS), ...
ROS 1 IHC Marker
The ROS1 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) marker is a specialized laboratory test performed on t...
Inhibin-A
Inhibin-A is a peptide hormone produced primarily by the granulosa cells of the ovaries in...
AFB Culture (Radiometric)
The AFB (Acid-Fast Bacilli) Culture using radiometric methods (such as the BACTEC system) ...
ALCD Flowcytometry
ALCD (Acute Leukemia Characterization and Diagnosis) Flow Cytometry is a highly specialize...
Synovial Fluid For AFB
This test involves the microscopic examination (smear) and culture of synovial fluid (join...
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
The Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) is a functional measure of the 'intrinsic...
HSV 1 IgM
The HSV 1 IgM test is a serological assay used to detect Immunoglobulin M antibodies again...
Beta HCG (Tumor Marker)
While Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) is most famous as the 'pregnancy hormone,' its Be...
Inhibin-B
Inhibin-B is a peptide hormone produced by the granulosa cells in the ovaries of women and...
Serum Phosphorus
Phosphorus is a vital mineral that works closely with calcium to build strong bones and te...
Protein Electrophoresis
Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP) is a laboratory technique used to separate the protei...
Systolic Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) measures the force your heart exerts on the walls of your ar...
Differential Count
The Differential Count (or WBC Diff) measures the percentage and absolute number of each t...
Osmolality (Urine)
Urine osmolality is a measure of the concentration of particles dissolved in the urine, pr...
Basophils
Basophils are the least common type of white blood cell. They play a key role in the immun...
Aspergillus Fumigatus IgE
The Aspergillus Fumigatus IgE test is a blood-based assay that measures the concentration ...
GIST Mutation Analysis Exon 9 & Exon 11
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the dige...
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), formerly known as SGOT, is an enzyme present in metaboli...
Eosinophils (Absolute)
Eosinophils are a specialized type of white blood cell (granulocyte) primarily responsible...
Eosinophils (Absolute)
This component measures the total number of eosinophils per microliter of blood. Within a ...
Pleural Fluid - AFB Smear
The Pleural Fluid Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) Smear is a critical diagnostic tool used to dete...
Vitality (Live Sperm)
Sperm vitality, or viability, is the assessment of the proportion of live spermatozoa in a...
Glucose
Glucose is the primary source of energy for the body's cells and the only energy source fo...
LPCB Mount
The Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) Mount is the most widely used staining and mounting med...
Glucose Tolerance Test (1 Sample)
The Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) measures the body's ability to metabolize a specific dose...
Fungal Culture
A Fungal Culture is used to diagnose fungal infections (mycoses) of the skin, nails, hair,...
Serum Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) is an essential nutrient required for proper red blood cell format...
Arthritis Basic Screen
The Arthritis Basic Screen is a multi-parameter diagnostic tool designed to detect systemi...
Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) Cholesterol
VLDL is a type of lipoprotein produced by the liver to carry triglycerides to tissues. Wit...
Wound Pus for Culture and Sensitivity
A Wound Culture and Sensitivity test is a laboratory procedure used to identify the specif...
Ascitic Fluid Bilirubin
Measuring bilirubin in ascitic fluid is a specialized test used to diagnose biliary perfor...
Smooth Muscle Antibody (ASMA)
ASMA is an autoantibody directed against the cytoskeleton of smooth muscle cells (primaril...
Stool for Occult Blood
The Stool Occult Blood test (often abbreviated as FOBT or FIT) is a screening tool used to...
Allergy Profile (Veg, Non-Veg, Inhalants) + Total IgE
This comprehensive allergy profile measures the level of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies...
CD4 Count
The CD4 count is a test that measures the number of CD4 T-lymphocytes (helper T cells) in ...
Anti Thyroglobulin Antibodies
Anti-Thyroglobulin (Anti-Tg) antibodies are autoantibodies produced by the immune system t...
Aspergillus IgE
The Aspergillus IgE test measures the level of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in the bl...
AML Comboquest 9
AML Comboquest 9 is a specialized molecular panel designed to identify key genetic mutatio...
Liver Function Test Without GGT
The Liver Function Test (LFT) without GGT is a panel of blood tests used to evaluate the h...
Stool For Culture And Sensitivity
A Stool Culture and Sensitivity test is used to identify harmful bacteria (pathogens) in t...
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. It is normally...
Protein S Assay
Protein S is a Vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein that serves as a critical cofactor ...
Albumin (SPEP)
In Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP), albumin represents the largest and fastest-moving...
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are a type of lipid (fat) found in the blood. When you eat, the body convert...
Hemoglobin, Total Count, Differential Count
This panel, often referred to as a subset of the Complete Blood Count (CBC), evaluates the...
Final Diagnosis Panel By IHC
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a sophisticated diagnostic technique that uses antibodies to...
Alternaria Alternata (Mold) Specific IgE
This test measures the concentration of allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodie...
Peripheral Smear
A Peripheral Smear (or Peripheral Blood Film) is a manual microscopic examination of a thi...
Bilirubin
Bilirubin in the urine (bilirubinuria) is always considered an abnormal finding. Only conj...
ALL Multiplex Panel
The ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia) Multiplex Panel is a specialized molecular diagnost...
Eosinophils
Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell primarily involved in the response to parasitic...
Beta HCG
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the trophoblastic...
Complete Urine Examination
The Complete Urine Examination (CUE), also known as Urinalysis, is a fundamental diagnosti...
X-Ray
An X-ray (radiograph) is a non-invasive medical test that uses ionizing radiation to produ...
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)
Fasting Blood Sugar measures the circulating glucose in the blood after an 8 to 12-hour pe...
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is an acute-phase reactant synthesized by the liver in response t...
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme found predominantly in the hepatocytes. In a L...
Sputum for Culture & Sensitivity
The Sputum Culture and Sensitivity test is a critical diagnostic tool used to identify pat...
HSV 1 & 2 DNA Qualitative PCR
The Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 1 & 2 DNA Qualitative PCR test uses Polymerase Chain Reacti...
Serum Iron
Serum iron measures the amount of circulating iron that is bound to transferrin in the blo...
Serum Prolactin
Prolactin is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland in the brain. Its primary ...
TCF3-PBX1 (E2A-PBX1) Translocation [t(1;19)]
This molecular test identifies the fusion gene TCF3-PBX1, resulting from the t(1;19)(q23;p...
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Phencyclidine (PCP) is a dissociative drug that was once used as an anesthetic but is now ...
Ultrasound Complete Abdomen
This imaging study utilizes high-frequency sound waves to visualize the morphology, size, ...
ER/PR & HER2 Neu IHC Markers
This panel measures Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR), and Human Epiderma...
Quad Marker Screen
The Quad Marker Screen is a prenatal blood test performed during the second trimester (usu...
Aldosterone
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. Its primary function is t...
Skin Clip for A.F.B. 4 Sites
The Skin Clip or Slit-Skin Smear (SSS) for Acid-Fast Bacilli (A.F.B.) is a specialized dia...
Acetylcholine Receptor (AChR) Antibody
The Acetylcholine Receptor (AChR) antibody test is a blood assay used to identify autoanti...
Antral Wash for Culture & Sensitivity
Antral Wash for Culture and Sensitivity is a diagnostic procedure where the maxillary sinu...
Procalcitonin (PCT)
Procalcitonin (PCT) is a peptide precursor of the hormone calcitonin. In healthy individua...
Lactate
Lactate (lactic acid) is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism, produced when cells do not r...
Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Screen
The ANA Screen is a fundamental test for detecting autoantibodies that target the nucleus ...
Urine for Culture & Sensitivity
The Urine Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) test is the gold standard for diagnosing Urinary T...
Free Thyroxine (FT4)
Free Thyroxine (FT4) measures the unbound, metabolically active portion of the T4 hormone ...
Serum Electrophoresis
Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP) is a laboratory technique used to separate proteins i...
Ascitic Fluid For Culture And Sensitivity
This test involves the culturing of peritoneal fluid (ascites) accumulated in the abdomina...
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is an intracellular enzyme found in nearly all organ systems, ...
Anti-Thrombin III
Antithrombin III (ATIII) is a non-vitamin K-dependent glycoprotein that functions as a nat...
CSF Differential Count
The Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Differential Count identifies and quantifies the various typ...
Free Triiodothyronine (FT3)
Triiodothyronine (T3) is one of the two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Whil...
Microsatellite Instability Testing by Immunohistochemistry
Microsatellite Instability (MSI) testing by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a specialized pa...
Urobilinogen - Urine
Urobilinogen is a colorless byproduct of bilirubin reduction. It is formed in the intestin...
Hemoglobin E
Hemoglobin E (HbE) is an abnormal hemoglobin variant caused by a point mutation in the bet...
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is a hydrolase enzyme found primarily in the liver (lining of t...
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Antigen Detection
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a unique bacterium that lacks a cell wall, making it naturally re...
Pulmonary Function Test
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) are a non-invasive group of tests that measure how well th...
Ascitic Fluid Cytology
Ascitic Fluid Cytology involves the microscopic examination of fluid collected from the pe...
Platelet Count
Platelets, or thrombocytes, are small cell fragments in the blood that are essential for n...
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
ESR measures the distance red blood cells fall in a tube over one hour. In an Arthritis Ba...
Pleural Fluid Proteins
Pleural fluid protein measurement is used to evaluate the composition of fluid accumulated...
FEV1/FVC Ratio
The FEV1/FVC ratio (Tiffeneau-Pinelli index) is a fundamental parameter in spirometry used...
Total Thyroxine (T4)
Total Thyroxine (T4) is the primary hormone produced and released into the bloodstream by ...
Allergy Profile With Drugs
The Allergy Profile for Drugs measures the levels of allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (I...
White Blood Cell Count (WBC)
The WBC count measures the total number of leukocytes in the blood, which are the primary ...
Skin Scraping For Fungal Elements
Skin Scraping for Fungal Elements, often involving a KOH (Potassium Hydroxide) preparation...
Free Testosterone
Free Testosterone measures the amount of testosterone in the blood that is not bound to Se...
Specific IgE - Wheat
This test measures the concentration of allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodie...
Tacrolimus Levels
Tacrolimus (Prograf) is a potent calcineurin inhibitor used as an immunosuppressant. It pr...
Casts
Casts are cylindrical structures formed in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duc...
Serum Protein Electrophoresis
Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP) is a laboratory technique that separates proteins in ...
CA 15-3
Cancer Antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) is a protein produced by normal breast cells. However, in ma...
Blood for Culture & Sensitivity (Radiometric)
Blood Culture and Sensitivity (Radiometric) is a sophisticated microbiological test design...
PDL1 IHC Marker
Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a protein that acts as a 'brake' to keep the body’s i...
CSF ADA Levels
Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme involved in purine metabolism. It is primarily foun...
Serum Ferritin
Ferritin is a blood protein that contains iron. It is the primary way your body stores iro...
CA 19.9
Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) is a tumor-associated antigen, specifically a sialylat...
24 Hours Urine Protein
The 24-hour urine protein test measures the total amount of protein excreted in the urine ...
Anti-HBc IgM
Anti-HBc IgM is the IgM antibody to the Hepatitis B core antigen. Unlike the IgG antibody,...
Slit Skin Smear (2 Site)
The Slit Skin Smear (SSS) is a microscopic examination used to detect Acid-Fast Bacilli (A...
Crenated RBC's
Crenated Red Blood Cells (RBCs), also known as echinocytes or burr cells, are erythrocytes...
Drugs of Abuse 5-Panel (DOA 5)
The Drugs of Abuse 5-Panel (DOA 5) is a rapid screening test used to detect the presence o...
AML Characterization Panel
The Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Characterization Panel is a comprehensive set of diagnost...
Stool for Ova & Cyst
The Stool for Ova and Parasites (O&P) test is a microscopic evaluation used to detect the ...
Total Proteins
The Total Protein test measures the cumulative amount of albumin and globulin in the blood...
T3 Uptake
T3 Uptake is an indirect measure of the available binding sites on Thyroxine-Binding Globu...
All Translocation Panel (Oncquest Lab)
The All Translocation Panel is a sophisticated molecular genetic test designed to detect c...
Prostatic Specific Antigen (Total)
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by both normal and malignant cells o...
Peripheral Smear for MP
The Peripheral Smear for Malarial Parasite (MP) is the gold standard diagnostic tool for m...
Albumin
Albumin in ascitic fluid is primarily measured to calculate the Serum-Ascites Albumin Grad...
Specific IgE - Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus (House Dust Mite)
This test measures the concentration of specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in the ...
Urethral Pus for Z.N. Stain
The Ziehl-Neelsen (Z.N.) stain, also known as the acid-fast stain, is a bacteriological co...
HSV 2 IgG
The HSV 2 IgG test is a blood test used to detect type-specific antibodies against the Her...
Her2/neu By FISH
HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2) by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FIS...
Ovarian Cancer Panel
An Ovarian Cancer Panel typically consists of a combination of tumor markers, most commonl...
Random Blood Sugar
Random Blood Sugar (RBS) measures the amount of glucose circulating in the blood at any gi...
Serum Total Iron Binding Capacity
Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) is a blood test that measures the blood's capacity to b...
Sputum For Culture and Sensitivity
Sputum Culture and Sensitivity is a laboratory test used to detect and identify bacteria o...
Anti HBs Titres
The Anti-HBs (Hepatitis B Surface Antibody) test detects the presence and concentration of...
HCV (Tridot)
The HCV (Tridot) test is a rapid visual antigen-antibody immunoassay used for the qualitat...
Specific IgE - Timothy Grass (Pollen)
This test measures the concentration of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies specifically dir...
Ascitic Fluid - Malignant Cells
This test involves the microscopic examination of fluid aspirated from the peritoneal cavi...
TB IgM
The TB IgM test is a serological assay designed to detect Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodie...
COVID Panel Bio Chemistry
The COVID Biochemistry Panel is a cluster of laboratory tests used to monitor the physiolo...
Absolute Eosinophil Count
Eosinophils are a specialized type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that play a dual role i...
Cervical Biopsy
A cervical biopsy is a diagnostic procedure where a small sample of tissue is removed from...
Urine For AFB (3 Samples)
The Urine for AFB (Acid-Fast Bacilli) test is a specialized microbiological culture and mi...
TB Gold QuantiFERON
The QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT) is an Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA). It measures the...
Thyroglobulin Level
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a protein produced only by thyroid follicular cells. It serves as th...
Total Count Differential Count (Tcdc-X)
The TCDC (Total Count and Differential Count) is a fundamental blood test that measures th...
Pdgfra Mutation Analysis - Gist (Qualitative)
This molecular test analyzes the PDGFRA (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha) ge...
Erythropoietin Levels
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the peritubular cells...
Soybean Specific IgE
Measures IgE antibodies against soybean proteins. Soy is one of the 'Big Eight' food aller...
TCF3-HLF Translocation [t(17;19)]
This is a molecular genetic test looking for the t(17;19)(q22;p13) chromosomal translocati...
Total Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in all cells of the body. It is essential ...
White Blood Cells (Microscopic)
The microscopic evaluation of White Blood Cells (WBCs) in urine, known as pyuria, is a pri...
BCR/ABL Quantification
The BCR-ABL1 quantification test uses Real-Time Quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) to measure the a...
Slit Skin Smear (1 Site)
A Slit Skin Smear (SSS) is a specialized diagnostic procedure used to detect Acid-Fast Bac...
Fluid Proteins
Fluid protein analysis is a diagnostic procedure used to determine the concentration of to...
HEV IgM
The Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) IgM test is a serological assay used to detect Immunoglobulin ...
Protein C Assay
Protein C is a vitamin K-dependent protein produced in the liver that serves as a natural ...
HLA B 27 Disease Association PCR
HLA-B27 (Human Leukocyte Antigen B27) is a specific surface antigen found on white blood c...
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) is a critical enzyme primarily produced by epithelial ...
Tb Platinum Igra, Blood
The Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) is a modern blood test used to detect infection ...
Hepatitis A, B, C, & E, Profile
A Hepatitis profile is a comprehensive panel of blood tests designed to detect current or ...
Ionized Calcium
Ionized calcium represents the 'free' form of calcium in the blood that is not bound to pr...
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a blood test used to measure and identify the different type...
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg)
The Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) test is the earliest immunological marker of an ac...
HSV 1 IgG
The HSV 1 IgG test detects antibodies produced by the immune system in response to infecti...
Fasting Plasma Glucose
The Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) serves as the baseline measurement in a Glucose Tolerance...
Mutton (Lamb) Specific IgE
This test measures the concentration of allergen-specific IgE antibodies in the serum dire...
Urine For Spot Protein
The Urine Spot Protein test measures the concentration of proteins, primarily albumin, in ...
RBC Folate Level
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Folate measures the amount of folate (Vitamin B9) stored inside red b...
Bile Salts & Pigments - Urine
This test detects the presence of bile salts and bile pigments (specifically conjugated bi...
Cockroach (German) Specific IgE
This test detects IgE antibodies against Blattella germanica (German Cockroach) allergens....
Eosinophils
Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell (granulocyte) primarily responsible for combati...
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells. It plays a crit...
HSV 2 IgM
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) is the primary cause of genital herpes. The IgM test i...
Fungal Culture and Sensitivity
A fungal culture is used to determine if a fungus is causing an infection in the skin, nai...
Breast Lump Histopathology
Histopathology is the microscopic examination of tissue to study the manifestations of dis...
Urine Routine
A routine urinalysis (Urine Routine) is a fundamental diagnostic tool used to assess the c...
Absolute Basophil Count
The Absolute Basophil Count (ABC) measures the actual number of basophils circulating in t...
Fluid For C/S
The Culture and Sensitivity (C/S) test on body fluids is a critical microbiological proced...
HBV DNA PCR Viral Load
The HBV DNA PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) test is a highly sensitive molecular assay tha...
Glycosylated Hb% (HbA1c)
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measures the percentage of hemoglobin that has glucose attached to ...
Hiv 1&2 (Tri-Dot)
The HIV 1&2 Tri-Dot is a rapid visual test for the qualitative detection of antibodies to ...
Peripheral Blood Morphology
Peripheral Blood Morphology, often referred to as a peripheral blood smear, is a diagnosti...
Rheumatoid Factor (IgG and IgM)
Rheumatoid Factor (RF) is an autoantibody, an immune system protein that mistakenly attack...
Albumin
Albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma and is synthesized exclusively ...
24-Hour Urine Calcium
The 24-hour Urine Calcium test measures the total amount of calcium excreted in the urine ...
2-Hour Post-Load Glucose
This component is part of the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). It measures how effectiv...
Biopsy (Large Tissue)
A 'Large Biopsy' refers to the histopathological examination of a significant portion of t...
Synovial Fluid For Culture And Sensitivity
The Synovial Fluid Culture and Sensitivity (C/S) test is a critical diagnostic procedure u...
CD3, CD4 & CD8 Count
The CD3, CD4, and CD8 panel measures the specific subsets of T-lymphocytes in the blood. C...
KRAS Gene Analysis
The KRAS gene analysis looks for mutations in the Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homol...
Bilirubin (Total And Direct)
Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment made during the normal breakdown of red blood cells (hemo...
Total Protein
Total Protein measures the combined amount of albumin and globulins in the serum. Within a...
ER/PR IHC Markers
The Estrogen Receptor (ER) and Progesterone Receptor (PR) Immunohistochemistry (IHC) marke...
Serum Insulin
Insulin is a vital hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. Its primary role is...
Basophils
Basophils are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that plays a critical role in the imm...
Rice (Specific IgE)
This test measures the level of allergen-specific IgE antibodies to rice in the blood. Whi...
CD4/CD8 Ratio
The CD4/CD8 ratio is a key biomarker for immune system health. CD4 cells (T-helper cells) ...
Rh Antibody Titre
The Rh Antibody Titre test measures the concentration of antibodies against the Rh factor ...
Complement C4
Complement C4 is a protein that is part of the body's complement system, a complex group o...
Occult Blood (FOBT)
The Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) is a biochemical analysis used to detect the presence o...
Ascitic Fluid For Proteins
Measuring protein levels in ascitic fluid (fluid buildup in the abdomen) is a critical ste...
Prothrombin Time
Prothrombin Time (PT) measures how long it takes for the liquid portion (plasma) of your b...
CD4 & CD8 Count
This test measures the number of CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes in the blood. CD4 cells, often ...
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a surrogate marker for body fatness based on an individual's mass...
Ascitic Fluid Biochemical Analysis
Ascitic fluid biochemical analysis involves the laboratory evaluation of fluid accumulated...
FISH - MDS In-Situ
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses f...
BCR/ABL Quantitative PCR
The BCR-ABL1 quantitative test measures the amount of the BCR-ABL1 fusion transcript in th...
Blood Urea
Blood Urea is a waste product formed in the liver when protein is broken down into amino a...
TPO Antibodies
Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme normally found in the thyroid gland that plays a cru...
BCR/ABL FISH
The BCR/ABL FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization) test is a cytogenetic analysis used ...
Albumin
Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, synthesized exclusively by the liver. In a Li...
SGOT
SGOT (Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase), also known as AST (Aspartate Aminotransfer...
Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)
PEF measures the maximum speed of expiration. It is a vital component of a Pulmonary Funct...
Basophils
Basophils are the least common granulocyte. They contain granules filled with heparin and ...
Bleeding Time and Clotting Time
The Bleeding Time (BT) and Clotting Time (CT) tests are fundamental screening tools used t...
Semen Analysis
Semen analysis is the cornerstone of male fertility evaluation. It provides a comprehensiv...
Smear for AFB
The Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) smear is a rapid microscopic examination used to detect bacter...
HCV IgM
The HCV IgM test detects Immunoglobulin M antibodies against the Hepatitis C virus. IgM is...
Mantoux Test
The Mantoux Test, also known as the PPD (Purified Protein Derivative) skin test, measures ...
Pleural Fluid Cytology
Pleural fluid cytology is a laboratory examination of the fluid surrounding the lungs (the...
Globulin
Globulins are a diverse group of proteins in the blood that play vital roles in liver func...
Urine Calcium
Urine calcium measures the amount of calcium excreted by the kidneys over a 24-hour period...
Urine For Spot Creatinine
Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscle metabolism at a relatively constant rate....
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)
AFP is a protein normally produced by the fetal liver and yolk sac. In the context of an O...
Glucose Tolerance Test (3 Samples)
The Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) is a gold-standard diagnostic tool used to evaluate how t...
Hemoglobin, Total Count, Differential Count, and Platelet Count
This panel, often referred to as a Complete Blood Count (CBC) component, evaluates the thr...
CA 125 (Cancer Antigen 125)
CA 125 is a protein that is a so-called tumor marker. It is found in greater concentration...
CSF For Grams Stain
The Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Gram Stain is a rapid laboratory test used to detect the pre...
Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen is a byproduct of bilirubin reduction by intestinal bacteria. In a Complete U...
Chromogranin A
Chromogranin A (CgA) is a protein found inside neuroendocrine cells. These specialized cel...
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)
RDW measures the variation in the size (volume) of red blood cells (RBCs), a phenomenon kn...
Bilirubin (Urine)
Under normal physiological conditions, bilirubin (specifically conjugated bilirubin) is no...
Serum Haptoglobulin
Haptoglobin is a protein produced by the liver that functions as a scavenger for free hemo...
TC & DC (Total Count & Differential Count)
The Total Count (TC) refers to the total number of White Blood Cells (WBCs/Leukocytes) in ...
Sputum for Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB)
The Sputum for Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) test is a primary diagnostic tool used to detect th...
Total IgE
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a class of antibodies produced by the immune system that plays a...
Calcitonin
Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid hormone produced by the parafollicular cells (also known as ...
Basophils (Absolute)
Basophils are the least common type of white blood cell, representing a small fraction of ...
Serum Folic Acid
Serum Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) is essential for the synthesis of DNA and RNA, the productio...
Prolactin
Prolactin is a peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland, primarily respons...
Post Prandial Insulin
The Post Prandial Insulin test measures the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas in ...
CD8+ Percentage
The CD8+ percentage measures the proportion of T-lymphocytes that are cytotoxic T cells. T...
Anti HBe Antibodies
The Anti-HBe (Hepatitis B e-antibody) test detects antibodies produced by the body against...
AFB Culture & Sensitivity (Radiometric)
AFB (Acid-Fast Bacilli) Culture and Sensitivity is the gold standard for diagnosing infect...
Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
Packed Cell Volume (PCV), also known as hematocrit (Hct), measures the proportion of whole...
Albumin
In Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP), Albumin appears as the largest, tallest peak. It ...
H.C.V. ELISA
The HCV ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a screening test used to detect antib...
CSF For Culture & Sensitivity (Radiometric)
Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) is used to identify the specifi...
RVAB DNA PCR
RVAB DNA PCR (often referring to a specific viral DNA such as Rotavirus DNA or a less comm...
Radical Specimen
A 'Radical Specimen' refers to a large tissue sample obtained through radical surgery (e.g...
BRCA 1 & 2 Gene Analysis
The BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BReast CAncer genes 1 and 2) are tumor suppressor genes. Their primar...
Dengue ELISA
The Dengue ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a diagnostic tool used to detect t...
Hemoglobin, TC, DC, ESR & Platelet Count
This panel is a comprehensive hematological assessment. It includes Hemoglobin (Hb) for ox...
X-Ray Hysterosalpingogram
A Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) is a specialized fluoroscopic X-ray examination used primarily...
Allergy Profile (Veg+Non-Veg) + Total IgE
This comprehensive panel measures specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies against a var...
Urine For Microscopy
Urine microscopy is the physical examination of urine sediment under a microscope after ce...
Prothrombin Time
Prothrombin Time (PT) measures the time it takes for blood to clot via the extrinsic and c...
Eye Swab For C/S (Right)
An eye swab for Culture and Sensitivity (C/S) involves collecting discharge or secretions ...
Eosinophils (%)
Eosinophils are specialized leukocytes primarily involved in the response to parasitic inf...
Fluid For Culture & Sensitivity (Radiometric)
A Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) test of body fluids (such as pleural, peritoneal, pericard...
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart muscle...
Eosinophils
Eosinophils are specialized granulocytes that play a dual role in the immune system: they ...
Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)
Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) is an enzyme found in high concentrations in the liver, b...
Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), Ascitic Fluid
Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme involved in purine metabolism, primarily produced b...
HIV Viral Load
The HIV Viral Load test measures the amount of HIV-1 RNA (genetic material) in the blood. ...
Pre-Lunch Blood Sugar
Pre-Lunch Blood Sugar, also known as a pre-prandial glucose check, measures the concentrat...
Pleural Fluid for Amylase
The Pleural Fluid Amylase test measures the concentration of the enzyme amylase within the...
BCR-ABL1 Translocation [t(9;22)]
The BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, resulting from the translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 (t...
Potassium, 24-Hour Urine
Urine potassium measurement is essential in the diagnostic workup of hypokalemia and hyper...
Bone Marrow Biopsy
A Bone Marrow Biopsy involves the removal of a small solid core of bone marrow tissue (usu...
Pleural Fluid - Biochemical Analysis
Biochemical analysis of pleural fluid is a comprehensive battery of tests performed on flu...
Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin (Hb) is the iron-containing protein found within red blood cells (RBCs). Its p...
Alpha-1 Globulin
Alpha-1 Globulin is a fraction of serum proteins identified during electrophoresis. It pri...
Specific IgE - Ampicillin
This test measures the concentration of allergen-specific IgE antibodies to Ampicillin in ...
F.N.A.C Procedure
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a rapid, minimally invasive diagnostic procedure...
Urine For Culture And Sensitivity
The Urine Culture and Sensitivity test is designed to identify specific bacteria or yeast ...
Anti HAV Antibodies
The Anti-HAV (Hepatitis A Virus) antibody test detects the presence of antibodies produced...
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is a non-specific marker of systemic inflammation...
Skin Clip For AFB/Ear
The Skin Clip (or Slit-Skin Smear) for Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) is a specialized diagnostic...
Fluid For Cell Count / Celltype
Fluid analysis for cell count and differential (cell type) involves the microscopic examin...
Ki-67 IHC Marker
The Ki-67 protein is a cellular marker strictly associated with cell proliferation. It is ...
Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Serum
IgG is the most abundant antibody in the serum. In an Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) Panel, Ig...
Liquid Based Cytology
Liquid-Based Cytology (LBC) is a method of preparing cervical samples for examination unde...
Orange
This test measures the concentration of allergen-specific IgE antibodies against Orange (C...
Troponin I
Troponin I is a protein found specifically in heart muscle fibers. It is part of the mecha...
Bronchial Washing for AFB
The Bronchial Washing for Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) test is a critical diagnostic tool used ...
Growth Hormone (HGH)
Human Growth Hormone (HGH), secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, is essential for gro...
Bile Salts
Bile salts (primarily glycocholate and taurocholate) are normally absent in urine. Their p...
Nail Scraping for C/S
Nail Scraping for Culture and Sensitivity (C/S) is the definitive method for identifying t...
LDL Cholesterol
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol. Its p...
Albumin/Globulin (A/G) Ratio
The A/G ratio is a calculated value derived from a Serum Protein Electrophoresis or Liver ...
Cat Dander Specific IgE
This test measures the concentration of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies specifically dir...
Paraffin Blocks (Histopathology Processing)
Paraffin blocks are a critical step in the histopathological examination of tissue samples...
Urine - Fatty Casts & Droplets
The detection of fatty casts and lipid droplets in urine is a specific microscopic finding...
Serum Ceruloplasmin
Ceruloplasmin is a ferroxidase enzyme that carries about 95% of the copper in the plasma. ...
ETV6-RUNX1 (TEL-AML1) Translocation [t(12;21)]
The ETV6-RUNX1 (formerly TEL-AML1) translocation, involving chromosomes 12 and 21, is the ...
Sodium, Urine (24-Hour)
Urine Sodium measurement is a vital tool in assessing renal handling of electrolytes and v...
Total Triiodothyronine (T3)
Triiodothyronine (T3) is one of the two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Whil...
KMT2A-AFF1 (MLL-AF4) Translocation [t(4;11)]
The KMT2A-AFF1 (formerly MLL-AF4) translocation involves the rearrangement of the KMT2A ge...
Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Screen
The ANA Screen is a fundamental screening test for Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases ...
CSF Culture and Sensitivity
The Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Culture and Sensitivity (C/S) test is a critical diagnostic ...
Urine for Ketone Bodies
Ketones are metabolic byproducts produced when the body burns fat for energy instead of gl...
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol
HDL cholesterol is often referred to as 'good' cholesterol because it facilitates reverse ...
MRD Flow Cytometry (Minimal Residual Disease)
Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) testing via flow cytometry is a highly sensitive method use...
Fluid Biochemical Analysis
Fluid Biochemical Analysis involves the chemical examination of fluids accumulated in body...
BCR-ABL Gene Rearrangement
The BCR-ABL test detects a specific genetic abnormality known as the Philadelphia chromoso...
Free Thyroxine (FT4)
Free Thyroxine (FT4) is the metabolically active, unbound fraction of thyroxine. Unlike to...
Urine for AFB Culture and Sensitivity
The Urine for AFB (Acid-Fast Bacilli) Culture and Sensitivity test is designed to identify...
CD4/CD8 Ratio
The CD4/CD8 ratio is a calculated value measuring the balance between T-helper cells (CD4)...
Antimitochondrial Antibody (AMA)
Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are highly specific biomarkers primarily used in the di...
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is an acute-phase reactant protein produced by the liver. Its lev...
Serum Sodium
Sodium is the primary extracellular electrolyte and is vital for maintaining fluid balance...
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells (RBCs) responsible for transp...
Alpha-1 Globulin
Alpha-1 globulin is a fraction of serum proteins identified during electrophoresis. Over 9...
Lupus Anticoagulant
The Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) test is a functional assay used to detect specific autoantibo...
Nasal Discharge For Culture and Sensitivity
The Nasal Culture and Sensitivity (C/S) test is designed to identify pathogenic bacteria o...
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (BP) measures the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries....
Stool Color
Stool color is a primary physical observation in a Complete Stool Examination. It provides...
Vaginal Swab For Culture and Sensitivity
The Vaginal Culture and Sensitivity test identifies pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, y...
Anti Mitochondrial Antibody (ELISA)
The Anti-Mitochondrial Antibody (AMA) test is a serological marker primarily used to detec...
HIV RNA PCR
The HIV RNA PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) test, often called a 'Viral Load' test, is a m...
CLL Flow Cytometry
Flow Cytometry is a sophisticated biophysical technology used to analyze the physical and ...
Pus Cells (Leukocytes) in Stool
The presence of Pus Cells (Leukocytes) in a stool sample is a significant indicator of int...
H.I.V. ELISA
The HIV ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a screening test designed to detect a...
Total IgE (Immunoglobulin E)
The Total IgE test measures the overall concentration of IgE antibodies in the blood. IgE ...
CSF for Cytology
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Cytology is a specialized laboratory examination used to identif...
TFT, LH, FSH, and Prolactin Panel
This comprehensive endocrine panel evaluates the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) and ...
Urine Electrolytes
Urine Electrolyte testing measures the concentration of minerals—specifically sodium (Na),...
G6PD Estimation
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an essential enzyme found in red blood cells (...
Total Bilirubin
Total Bilirubin is a measurement of the sum of conjugated (direct) and unconjugated (indir...
Urine Color
The color of urine is a primary physical characteristic evaluated during a Urine Routine e...
Total Protein
Serum Total Protein measures the combined amount of albumin and globulins. It is a vital m...
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein produced primarily by the liver and yolk sac of a dev...
Total Bilirubin
Total Bilirubin measures the sum of conjugated (direct) and unconjugated (indirect) biliru...
ADA (Adenosine Deaminase) Levels
Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme involved in purine metabolism. Its primary biologic...
Serum C-Peptide
C-peptide is a byproduct created when the pancreas produces insulin. Proinsulin is cleaved...
MGMT Methylation Test - Glioblastoma
The MGMT (O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) test measures the methylation status of ...
LH and FSH (Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) are gonadotropins produced...
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
AST is an enzyme found in high concentrations in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. In...
Skin Clip For A.F.B. (Acid-Fast Bacilli)
An Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) skin clip or slit-skin smear is a specialized microbiological t...
Eosinophils (DC)
Eosinophils are a specialized type of white blood cell involved in the immune response aga...
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
An Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) test measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the b...
Urine For Amylase
Amylase is an enzyme primarily produced by the pancreas and salivary glands to help digest...
Serum Transferrin
Transferrin is the main protein in the blood that binds to iron and transports it througho...
Basic Kidney Profile
The Basic Kidney Profile (often referred to as Renal Function Test) measures key electroly...
A/G Ratio (Albumin/Globulin Ratio)
The A/G ratio is a calculated value comparing the amount of Albumin to Globulins (Total Pr...
NRAS Gene Analysis
The NRAS Gene Analysis test identifies mutations in the NRAS gene, which belongs to the RA...
Pandy's Test
Pandy’s test is a bedside qualitative diagnostic test used to detect elevated levels of pr...
Blood Urea Nitrogen
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea is a was...
Leptospira ELISA
The Leptospira ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a serological test designed to...
Progesterone
Progesterone is a steroid hormone primarily produced by the corpus luteum in the ovaries f...
Total Protein
As part of Serum Electrophoresis, Total Protein represents the sum of Albumin and all Glob...
Liver-Kidney Microsome Type 1 (LKM-1) Antibody
The LKM-1 antibody is a hallmark serological marker for Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) Type 2....
Anti Nuclear Antibodies (IFA)
The Anti-Nuclear Antibody (ANA) test using Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) is the 'gol...
Yeasts
In a Complete Stool Examination, the microscopic identification of yeast (typically Candid...
FBS & PPBS
This combined test measures glucose levels at two distinct states: Fasting Blood Sugar (FB...
Urine Glucose
The presence of glucose in the urine (glycosuria) occurs when the blood glucose level exce...
A/G Ratio
The A/G ratio is a calculated value representing the relationship between two major types ...
Serum Estradiol
Estradiol (E2) is the most potent and prevalent form of estrogen in the human body. In non...
Cell Block Preparation
Cell Block Preparation is a technique used in cytopathology to process fluid specimens int...
Liver-Kidney Microsome (LKM)-1 Antibody (ELISA)
The Liver-Kidney Microsome Type 1 (LKM-1) antibody test is a specialized immunological ass...
Immunoglobulin IgE
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a class of antibodies produced by the immune system that plays a...
Autoimmune Hepatitis Panel
The Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) Panel is a comprehensive group of tests designed to detect ...
Fluid For AFB Staining
Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) staining is a laboratory technique used to identify bacteria that ...
Beta-2 Glycoprotein I Antibody, IgM
This test measures IgM class antibodies against Beta-2 Glycoprotein I (B2GPI), a phospholi...
Total Leukocyte Count (WBC)
The Total Leukocyte Count measures the sum of all white blood cell subtypes (neutrophils, ...
Urine For Spot Sodium
Sodium is a critical electrolyte that regulates the amount of water in the body and plays ...
TB IgG
The TB IgG test detects Immunoglobulin G antibodies produced by the immune system in respo...
Need Help?
Symptoms can be confusing. Get a professional opinion on your lab reports or symptoms from Dr. Binoy.
Consult Dr. BinoyMedically Reviewed by Dr. Binoy Babu, MBBS
Board Certified Doctor • 10+ Years Clinical Experience
Dr. Babu is a practicing physician dedicated to empowering patients with clear, actionable medical information. He founded 2opi to bridge the gap between complex lab reports and patient understanding, ensuring everyone has access to a reliable second opinion.
Get Notified When Dr. Babu Is Available